What Makes an Effective Leader

The sum of those qualities of Intellect, human understanding, and moral character that allow a person to Inspire and control a group of people successfully. Leadership can generally entail a lot of different aspects, however the most influential leaders I have had in my life had been people that inspire me to be better than I am. I feel as though the majority of people today have a misconstrued definition of leadership because they usually associate leading with commands and authority. While those traits do have a lot to do with leading, they should be receded by traits such as dependability, Integrity, and loyalty.If you look at the most successful leaders throughout history, you rarely find people that were followed because they were given a position of authority. You look at people like Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Abe Lincoln not because people had to follow them, but because people wanted to follow them. They were people with outstanding character. One of my most memorab le moments at boot camp was when one of my Drill Instructors got on to one of the squad leaders for calling another recruit derogatory names. Our Drill Instructor told us that people will never follow you because they have have to.They will follow you because they want to, and that is what leadership means to me. The most effective form of leadership to me is not asserting dominance, but rather leading by example. I follow the man conducts himself in the manner that I wish I could. When I see someone who does everything they are supposed to, do it in the most ethical and effective manner, and go above and beyond I usually always look up to them. I as a Marine feel that It Is my Job to be the best. I don't expect people to espect me just because I am a Marine, I expect people to respect me because I conduct myself in such a manner that I earn their respect.That to me is leading by example. Nobody should have to explain to me the correct way to conduct myself as a human being or Marin e, because those things dont require any exceptional intelligence, they require a dedication to doing what you know Is the right thing to do. It can be even the smallest things such as having a fresh haircut and a clean shave. How can you respect or want to follow a Marine that can't handle the everyday things? I do my best to lead by example is every fashion that I can. I try to be the best at everything I do.In summation leadership is not dependent upon if people do what you say, rather it is dependent upon if people want to do what you say. The best way to have people want to follow you is to lead by example. In order to set the example you have to be dedicated and motivated In everything that you do. That Is leadership and leading by example to me. What Makes an Effective Leader By tuckCman Leadership: The sum of those qualities of intellect, human understanding, and oral character that allow a person to inspire and control a group of people preceded by traits such as dependabil ity, integrity, and loyalty.If you look at the most to them. I as a Marine feel that it is my Job to be the best. I don't expect people to respect me Just because I am a Marine, I expect people to respect me because I human being or Marine, because those things don't require any exceptional intelligence, they require a dedication to doing what you know is the right thing to do. dedicated and motivated in everything that you do.

Case Blanchard Essay

In the course of Operations Management was given to us a Harvard Business case study, â€Å"Blanchard Importing and Distributing Co. , Inc†. The company is a liquor distributer and bottler which, is struggling with inventory management problems. The aim of our work is to help the trainee, Hank Hatch, analyzing the company’s scheduling system and present recommendations with the purpose of solving problems intrinsically related with Inventory management. Firstly, we are going to calculate the EOQ and ROP quantities based on 1971’s demand, then we compare this values with the ones obtained upon the implementation of the Scheduling system, in 1969, as well as with the scheduling system invented by Bob and Elliot . We are also going to approach the differences between the formal and the informal systems, choosing the best one for the company and finally present our recommendations which are aimed to solve the detected problems. Economic Order Quantity Model Operations Managers regularly face with decisions of â€Å"How much† or â€Å"How many† of something to produce or buy in order to satisfy the internal and external requests for a certain item. The majority of those decisions do not always take into account the cost consequences that would occur. The Economic Order Quantity Model, and also so-called â€Å"EOQ Formula†, is often very helpful in guiding managers about the order quantity decision regarding consequences. The EOQ Model was developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913 and it corresponds to the level of inventory that minimizes the total holding costs and ordering costs of the inventory. Graphic In other words, the Economic Order Quantity is known as the cost-minimizing order-quantity which takes in consideration the existing tradeoff between ordering cost and storage cost. Basic assumptions of this Model: Replenishment occurs instantaneously; Demand is constant and not stochastic; There is a fixed setup cost K independent of the order quantity; Only one product is involved; Leadtime is zero, does not vary; There are no quantity discounts. Leadtime According to EOQ Model, the leadtime is zero. The leadtime is the time interval between placing the order and receiving the corresponding order quantity which means that delivery or manufacturing is instantaneous, the replenishment occurs instantaneously. Although this assumption is obviously unrealistic, it removes the question â€Å"When to order? † by answering to order â€Å"Q† units each time inventory falls to zero. Costs The EOQ Model presents three types of costs: Cost of the units themselves; Cost of holding units in inventory; Fixed order cost or manufacturing setup cost. The unit cost is the cost of the units themselves, denotes C, and is assumed to be fixed regardless the number of units ordered or manufactured. The holding cost or carrying costs, denotes h, represents the management’s cost of capital, the time value of money invested in units; includes the costs for storage facilities, handling, insurance, pilferage, breakage, obsolescence, depreciation, taxes, and the opportunity cost of capital. The setup cost, denotes S, represents all the costs associated with placing an order without consider the cost of the units themselves, for instance, any administrative cost of placing and/or receiving an order. Reorder Point The reorder point (ROP) also called reorder level, reorder quantity or replenishment order quantity is the inventory level of an item which signals the need for placement of a replenishment order. So, the ROP occurs when the level of inventory drops down to zero. To compute ROP is necessary to perceive the minimum level of inventory that is held as a protection against shortages, safety stock. Reorder Point = Normal consumption during leadtime + Safety Stock Determinants of the reorder point: Rate of demand; Leadtime; Extent of demand and/or leadtime variability; Degree of stockout risk acceptable to management. Case Analysis 1. Recalculating EOQ and ROP Recalculating EOQ: We have to take into consideration the new information about demand and the relevant costs. The relevant costs are: setup costs, holding costs and Unit Costs. For the Demand we use the total demand of 1971 (exhibit 5). Setup Cost: To calculate the setup costs, we had only taken into account the ones which varied with the number of setups, as we can observe, the only one with this characteristics is the label changeover cost. The time needed to reset machinery to a different kind of label is 30 minutes, during that time all the five part-time workers remain idle. Hence incurring in a cost equal to the salary earned by this five workers in the half an hour stop. Holding Cost: We use the 22. 5% value said on the guidelines of the case. Unit Cost: For the unit cost, we should only consider the expenses that Blanchard supports when producing. Thus, for the calculation we will sum the Materials cost, the bottling labor, the variable overhead, the customs duty and the federal rectification tax. Our selection was based on two assumptions: variable costs and the costs paid before the sales.

Essay on Interpersonal Communications - 1385 Words

Interpersonal Communications As social animals, relationships play a huge role in every individual’s life. They shape one’s life at the micro and macro level. This means that relationships can be made up of a bond between two people or a bond that is as large as a connection between entire societies. While it is important to understand the full range of how relationships affect one’s life, it is essential that each relationship type gets the full attention that it deserves. One of the types of relationships that is most common in the United States is known as â€Å"friends with benefits.† This â€Å"friends with benefits† type of relationship is a complex relationship that is typically grouped with another type that is known as casual hook†¦show more content†¦Now that we know the difference between hooking up and a friends with benefits relationship we can go into detail on this type of interaction. Friends with benefits, in its essen ce, is an agreement between two people who are friends and are attracted to one another, so much so, that they are able to have an on-going sexual relationship without any demands or expectations. Because both participants were friends before any sexual activities took place, they hold a type of respect and compassion towards one another which neither person would want to mistreat. This is why this type of relationship requires a lot of pre-sex discussion and setting of boundaries. This agreement allows BOTH participants to be aware that they are only having sex together to compensate each other’s lack of affection from elsewhere and sexual needs. This is convenient sex with no commitment. Other ground rules are discussed such as being open to see other people without jealousy issues, who will be allowed to know about the arrangement, and whether it will continue into any other relationship one or the other may want in the future. The main reason why this relationship is so tricky is because there is a bond between both people. These two people do care for one another and enjoy each other just not as much as a romantic relationship.Show MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication753 Words   |  4 PagesTitle Student’s Name COM200: Interpersonal Communication Instructor’s Name Date (Sample March 19, 2014) Introduction- Thesis Statement * If you’re having difficulties writing a thesis, use the thesis generator in the Ashford Writing Center - https://awc.ashford.edu/writing-tools-thesis-generator.html. Remember, a thesis should make a claim – a definitive statement – about some issue. Here is an example: Effective communication is the most important factor in a successful relationshipRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction AND Thesis Statement Interpersonal communication is key to the life of a healthy relationship or marriage. Without communicating relationships and marriage will end failing. One of the biggest challenges with interpersonal communication lies in our ability to share our thoughts and concerns, conducted by feelings, desires, goals and needs, with another person 1) Explain the principles of and barriers to effective interpersonal communications. (You don’t have to list the objectivesRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Self1351 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this semester in communications I have learned a lot about myself, how to deal with others, relationships, and more. There were some lessons that stood out to me the most, and that I thought about after class. The first was in chapter 3 about interpersonal communication and the self. During this chapter, we took a piece of paper and put four people that we knew down. We chose someone who we were just getting to know, and then others that we knew very well or that were very close to usRead MoreInterpersonal Communication1053 Words   |  5 PagesInterpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is defined by Michael Cody as: the exchange of symbols used to achieve interpersonal goals(28). Does this definition include everything, or does it only include certain things?. When we are dealing with the issue of interpersonal communication we must realize that people view it differently. In this paper I will develop my own idea or definition of what interpersonal communication is. I will then proceed to identify any important assumptionsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication2332 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Interpersonal communication is a form of communication involving people who are dependent upon each other and with a common history. There are various aspects of interpersonal communication that can be discussed. This paper looks at the principles of interpersonal communication, its barriers and relationship with emotional intelligence. Four principles are identified, which are: interpersonal communication is inescapable; interpersonal communication is irreversible; interpersonal communicationRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Elements2395 Words   |  10 PagesInterpersonal communication is cyclic in nature. The message I sent and then feedback is given to complete the communication cycle. As it is on going hence the relationship that is impersonal at the beginning turns into interpersonal where one person is at times the sender and at other times the receiver. A. Source [sender] – Receiver:  Interpersonal communication involves at least 2 individuals. Each person formulates and sends message [sender activity] and at the same time receives and comprehendsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpersonal communications within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skill Of Feedback983 Words   |  4 PagesThe interpersonal communication skill of feedback is essential for hospital nurses to give a suitable care to each patient because it enables the nurses to learn, and improve their motivation, performance and efficiency that assist to achieve their goal which is to help the patients heal. The interpersonal communication skill of feedback is a system of conveying information between two people regarding the receiver’s performance (Baker et al. 2013). In general, feedback is employed to deliver informationRead MoreInterpersonal Communication1292 Words   |  6 Pages | | | |Interpersonal Communication | | Read MoreThe Effects Of Interpersonal Competence On Interpersonal Communication1053 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Interpersonal competence is an aspect of communication that is rarely given attention despite being a crucial facet of human interaction. In fact, Beebe et al. argue that it is comparable to breathing for being do critical to human growth (2). According to Beebe et al., this aspect of communication is necessary to maintain relationships and to improve affairs between lovers (6-7). To enhance our competence in interpersonal communication, we need to learn and master ways of verbally relating

Informative Research Essay Aging and Staying at Home

The aging baby boomers are quickly approaching retirement age and the issue of long term care after retirement becomes a problem that everyone has to face. With the baby boomer there is an increase in their wealth because their working longer. In the 1930’s there were a lot of illnesses and diseases that were not cured as of yet as they are now and the average life expectancy was only 58 for men and 62 for women. Heart disease was one of the major diseases that were a killer of people in the 1930’s and during this time penicillin had just emerged to heal the sick, but of course this would not help in the battle of heart disease. The advances in health care today are stronger than ever before and with more screening services and with†¦show more content†¦If a person has to choose a nursing home for their care it may cause a lot of strain emotionally and financially with elderly individuals and their families. With nursing homes there is already a short staff and they rely mainly on government funds such as Medicare and sometimes people have to use their retirement pensions that their residents have worked hard for. There are 16,100 nursing homes in the United States with 1.7 million beds to share that are filled with aging seniors at an 86 percent capacity. And averages out to at least 105 beds per nursing home and at nursing homes you always have to have a roommate of at least one other person. Since the residents are sharing a living space the area is usually very confined. This causes an issue because all of the belongings that the resident has obtained throughout their life will not be able to fit in their living space. This also causes a problem because there is neither privacy nor security for your valuables and some of the residents do not have the freedom to decorate their living space the way that they wish. And with the elderly this is the very last resort for them because first and for most they would have be very sickly before they would want to live there. The other alternative would be living at home with their children. And being a parent develops the question of letting your children run their own homes after years of telling them what toShow MoreRelatedDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesfrom portfolio management to corporate finance. A philosophical basis for valuation It was Oscar Wilde who described a cynic as one who â€Å"knows the price of everything, but the value of nothing†. He could very well have been describing some equity research analysts and many investors, a surprising number of whom subscribe to the bigger fool theory of investing, which argues that the value of an asset is irrelevant as long as there is a bigger fool willing to buy the asset from them. While this

The Physics Of Physical Therapy - 1131 Words

The Physics in Physical Therapy Physical therapy has grown increasing more useful as the years’ progress and more is learned about the human body and its movements, interactions, and mechanisms. Someone may go to physical therapy for injury, recovery, in order to maintain function, or even due to a stroke and is trying to work on walking again. Patients of a physical therapist can include, but is not limited to, elderly, children, accident victims, athletes, those with conditions such as arthritis or fractures, etc. The possibilities are endless for potential physical therapy patients (Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences). Physical therapy is the scientific physical procedures used in the treatment of patients with a disability, disease, or injury to achieve and maintain function and to prevent malfunction or deformity. One of the most important tasks that physical therapists perform is the various forms of therapeutic exercise that are used to increase strength and enduranc e to improve coordination and functional movement for activities of daily living and to increase and maintain range of motion (APTA History). Some of the first known practices of physical therapy are from the early Greek and Romans. They had writings that said both the sun and water were beneficial. The Chinese, Persians, Egyptians, and Greeks said exercise and massage were beneficial. The first school of therapy was established at Walter Reed Army Hospital, Washington, D.C. after World War IShow MoreRelatedNuclear Physics Of The Society Development1374 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear physics in the society development Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions. The most commonly known application of nuclear physics is nuclear power generation, but the research has led to applications in many fields, including nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear weapons, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. Nuclear physics has a lot of importanceRead MoreThe Health Care Field At The Association Of Schools Of Allied Health Professions Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessions in allied health is in physical therapy. Physical therapists can diagnose and treat people of all ages who have medical or health-related conditions. These conditions most likely limit their mobility and their availability to perform everyday activities. Some of these medical or health-related conditions include: cardiopulmonary, hand and feet issues, musculoskeletal, neurological, pediatrics, sports i njuries, women’s health, and pelvic floor. A physical therapist is in charge of helpingRead MoreMedicine Physical Therapy Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesLife as a Sports Medicine Physical Therapist As a Sports Medicine Physical Therapist, many people are trained to diagnose and help prevent injuries that occur during physical activities (â€Å"Physical Medicine†). Physical therapists examine patients, and prescribe medications as well as order diagnostic tests to perform and interpret. They usually counsel their clients on preventive care, diets and also hygiene. Most physical therapists stretch, and massage their clients to help strengthen and enhanceRead MoreDiagnostic Medical Sonographer vs. Physical Therapist1422 Words   |  6 PagesDiagnostic Medical Sonographer vs. Physical Therapist Miami Dade College Professor SLS 1125 December 1st, 2010 Job Description The Diagnostic Sonography more commonly known as Ultrasound is a medical procedure in which you use high frequency sound waves to produce visual images of organs tissues or blood flow inside the body. Ultrasound is regularly known as the procedure used to examine women who are expecting. Although, Sonography is used in many different ways other than for expectantRead MoreNeed For Qualified Physical Therapist For Rehabilitation Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pages Thesis: In the future due to an aging population and sedentary lifestyle there will be an need for qualified physical therapist for rehabilitation. The future of our economy could result in consequence of high unemployment, reduced incomes, and low economic activity. This result can force families to discontinue education. In addition this will reduce economic opportunities for people and their families. An increase in unemployment rate, this will create problems to most individuals and theirRead MoreThe Actual Definition of Physical Therapy765 Words   |  3 Pages Physical Therapy is an exhilarating career with challenging requirements and great responsibility. The actual definition of physical therapy is â€Å"The treatment of physical dysfunction or injury by the use of therapeutic exercise.† The definition of Physical Therapist is â€Å"A person who examines your injuries, talks to you about your symptoms and progress, and helps you design and carry out your treatment plan.† They also provide services that help regain function, enhance movement, ease pain, andRead MoreDisadvantages Of Physical Therapy995 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Therapy is the one of the most important thing a person may need when recovering from an injury or disease. P.T.’s are highly educated professionals that teach their applicants how to recover and build their strength up the right way such as exercise, manual therapy, hydrotherapy, electrical therapy and ultrasound therapy. Physical Therapy has been a top chosen profession since World War 1 when Physical therapists were originally called Reconstruction Aids. Physical Therapy first startedRead MorePersonal Narrative : Discovering The Dream1177 Words   |  5 PagesThese two characteristics pretty much set the stage for my decision and give me an advantage in pursuing this career. 1.Those are my reasons for pursuing physical therapy and will serve as my fuel until I reach my goal. In order to be a physical therapist you must cover a handful of responsibilities. 2.According to OK Career Guide â€Å"Physical therapist must assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and improve or correctRead MoreLife Of A Physical Therapist924 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Therapy A general day in the life of a physical therapist is usually pretty busy. There are several tasks that are and will be expected of a person on a day-to-day basis in that particular field of work. A few tasks that must be done thorough out the course of the day includes possibly taking care of about 20 patients, most with diverse injuries. Along with taking care of the patients, physical therapists will evaluate new patients, check the progress of existing ones, and discuss treatmentsRead MorePhysical Therapy For The Rehabilitation Process1368 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical Therapy Definition of Physical Therapy Physical therapy is the treatment of deformity, injury, or disease by healthcare professionals, physical therapists, through hands-on methods such as massage, exercise, or heat treatment so that drugs or surgery may not be needed. In physical therapy sessions therapists work with patients to help them improve their movement so that they are able to manage their pain. Physical therapy is an active profession with a scientific base that helps patients

Basic Chemical Engineering Essay Research Paper In free essay sample

Basic Chemical Engineering Essay, Research Paper In technology scientific discipline, you d be among pupils who want more than a grade: they want to be challenged and stretched. The mean entry class is over 90 % , and the plan is designed to fix pupils for the asperities of farther instruction. Some alumnuss go on to a Masters or Ph. D. plan at the top technology schools while others pursue higher grades in Fieldss such as concern disposal, jurisprudence or medical specialty. Others enter professional pattern, frequently as enterprisers, particularly in the advanced new engineerings. It is true that chemical applied scientists are highly good at chemical science, but they do much more with this cognition than merely do chemicals. In fact, the term chemical applied scientist International Relations and Security Network t even supposed to depict the type of work a chemical applied scientist performs. Alternatively, it is intended to uncover what makes it different from the many other subdivisions of technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Chemical Engineering Essay Research Paper In or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All applied scientists employ advanced math, natural philosophies, and the technology art to get the better of proficient jobs in a safe and economic manner. It is the chemical applied scientist entirely who uses the huge and powerful scientific discipline of chemical science to work out a universe of jobs. The strong proficient and societal ties that bind chemical science and chemical technology are alone to the Fieldss of scientific discipline and engineering. The relationship between chemists and chemical applied scientists has been helpful to both sides and has brought enviousness of the other technology Fieldss. The deepness of scientific and proficient cognition used in the profession has caused some to depict the chemical applied scientist as the cosmopolitan applied scientist. Despite a rubric that suggests a profession composed of narrow specializers, chemical applied scientists are really highly various and able to manage a broad scope of proficient jobs. During the twentieth century, chemical applied scientists have made enormous parts to our criterion of life. To observe these achievements, the A merican Institute of Chemical Engineers has compiled a list of the 10 Greatest Accomplishments of Chemical Engineering: the atom, the plastic age, the human reactor, wonder drugs for the multitudes, man-made fibres, liquefied air, salvaging the environment, fertilisers, petrochemicals, and man-made gum elastic. The four large technology Fieldss consist of civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical applied scientists. Of these, chemical applied scientists are the smallest in figure. However, this little group holds a really outstanding place in many industries, and chemical applied scientists are the highest paid of the large four, on norm. Besides, many chemical applied scientists have found their manner into upper direction. A chemical applied scientist is either presently, or has earlier, occupi9ed the CEO place for: 3M, Du Pont, General Electric, Union Carbide, Dow Chemical, Exxon, BASF, Gulf Oil, Texaco, and B.F. Goodrich. Even a former manager for the C.I.A. , John M. Deutch, was a chemical applied scientist by preparation. Typically, chemical applied scientists concern themselves with the chemical processes that bend natural stuffs into valuable merchandises. The necessary accomplishments encompass all facets of design, proving, scaleup, operation, control, and optimisation, and necessitate a elaborate apprehension of the assorted unit operations, such as distillment, commixture, and biological procedures. Chemical technology scientific discipline utilizes mass, impulse, and energy transportation along with thermodynamics and chemical dynamicss to analyse and better on these unit operations. Today there are around 70,000 chemical applied scientists in the U.S. During the full history of the profession at that place have merely been approximately 135,000 American chemical applied scientists. This means that more than a half of all the chemical applied scientists who have of all time existed are still lending to society today. Chemical technology is non a profession that has to brood on the accomplishments of the yesteryear for comfort, for its greatest achievements are yet to come.

Positivism Essay Example

Positivism Paper Positivism is a theoretical and methodological approach in contemporary criminology. Positivists believe that human behavior is shaped by biological, psychological or social factors and forces. These factors and forces are called individual pathology which deter the decision-making and control ability of an individual and results in behavioral problems (White Haines, 2003). To extend to legal definition, crime is defined as individual pathology to obey law and to conform to moral consensus of the society. Positivism approach in criminology examines the trait distinctions between offenders, rather than on the criminal acts as the focus of analysis. Also, positivism determines how these differences predispose a person towards criminality (White Haines, 2003). Positivists believed that these traits observed can be diagnosed and treated by dealing with and removing the factors and forces that cause the offending behavior to occur. Rather than punishment, positivism directs toward the treatment of offender as a response to crime (White Haines, 2003). The study of positivism is to classify and quantify human behaviors to uncover the causal relations between deviants traits and the committed crime. Therefore, positivism is a scientific approach in the criminal justice system. We will write a custom essay sample on Positivism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Positivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Positivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Psychological positivism Positivism concerning with psychological factors induced behavior is called psychological positivism. The consequences and impact of individual trauma are psychological factors which provoke behavior problems (White Haines, 2003). These psychological factors hinder the cognitive development in decision making, social understanding and moral reasoning. Thus, people with psychological problem are potential to commit in crime as they are unconscious in doing so (White Haines, 2003). Based on psychological positivism, criminals are associated with one of these psychological theories: psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and physiological theory (Senna Siegel, 1990). The following will explain these theories by the case of man rape against woman. (a) Psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmund Freud (Senna Siegel, 1990). He believed that the personality arises from a conflict between three interacting systems: id, ego and superego (Senna Siegel, 1990). Id is unconscious energy that strives to satisfy instant gratification, it operates on the pleasure principle. Superego incorporates the moral norms of the society that how one ought to behave. Ego is conscious part of personality that satisfies the ids desires in ways that realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. It operates on the reality principle and struggles to reconcile the conflict between ego and superego. Psychoanalysts believe that law violators may suffer from personality disorder which is caused by damaged egos or superego (Senna Siegel, 1990). The personality disorder is self control inability which denoted that the capacity to repress urges is diminished. Criminals seek immediate gratification of wishes without consideration of right and wrong or the need s of others in the absence of self control. Humans are impulsive and anti-social in nature, they learn to aside to law through the system of self control. Low self control is consisted of incapability of defer gratification, lack of perseverance, and preference for risky and physical behavior (White Haines, 2003). To relate rape with self control theory, rape is seen as a gratification from sexual provocation. Mens sexual drive is aroused by womens dress, presence or movements. The drive is power and is so overwhelming to control (Vogelman, 1990). Men have no choice but to rape for a surge of excitement. As Groth and Birnbau (1979) argued, rape is not a symptom of mental illness but of personality dysfunction (cited in Hall, 1995: 74). Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) argued that child-rearing is critical to the development of self-control (cited in White Haines, 2003: 47). Family which lack of harmony, emotional warmth, and mutual acceptance promote the development of delinquency. Parents in these families treat the child aggressively or overly strict. Child abuse and neglect are also found in these families (Friedrich, 2003). Through such experiences, children learn aggressive behavior via modeling and perform similar reactions in the future. Warrne, Hazelwood and Reboussin (1991) reported that 76% rapists had experienced some sort of sexual abuse when they were children (cited in Hall, 1995: 75). These abuses include physical penetration or coercion to watch sexual act by assaults who were their family member or known assailants such as teacher, neighbor or friend (Hall, 1995). (b) Behavioral Theory Behavioral theory believes that behavior is determined. It is learned from others or through experiences. Human beings learn from daily observations (Senna Siegel, 1990). For example, youth exposed to aggressive, antisocial behavior on television and movies are likely to copy that violent behavior. Similarly, reading pornography laced with violence causes people to commit to rape. Laboratory researchers have claimed that media exposure on sexual aggression such as violence, degrade and humiliate against women encourage sexual offends (Howitt, 1998). It have been found that the majority of rapists to be of average or above average intelligence, educational level and income. However, they have inability to form or maintain emotionally intimate relationships with others (Hall, 1995). In fact, antisocial behavior can be induced by social disability such as deprivation or discrimination. Also, when people are unable to attain what they desire, they become frustrated and their potential for aggression is increased (Vogelman, 1990). Physical acts are often the quickest way to express anger or stress to diminish the inability and impairments (Conley, Luckasson Bouthilet, 1992). Groth and Hobson (1083) defined rape as a sexual expression of aggression against women (cited in Howitt, 1998: 91). This can be illustrated by anger rape. Anger rape involves physically force than necessary to overpower and damage the victim to obtain sex. Abusive, obscene and degrading languages are accompanied with anger rapist to express their hostility (How itt, 1998). This indicates that rape cannot be understood in terms of sexual desire alone. (c) Cognitive theory Cognitive theory focuses on how people process and store information. A child may do what is right simply to avoid punishment. The same person will do what is right to avoid hurting others in later life. This is called moral reasoning (Senna Siegel, 1990). Moral reasoning determines the perception one acquired. Perception dominates people behavior. Moral reasoning also endeavor one to obey law on behalf of their social responsibility and to identify the perspectives, feelings or thoughts of the others (Murphy Clare, 2003). Based on these theories, criminals are probably to have faulty perception and information processing as they are unable to think logically in the system of axiom. Axiom is the causal relationship of if and then, that is the impact of criminals behavior (Conley, Luckasson Bouthilet, 1992). Senna Siegel (1990) suggested that criminals are significantly lower in their moral judgment than non-criminals as they have limited insight into the motivations and character istics of others. They perceive other people as more aggressive than they are. Undoubtedly, they are more likely to be vigilant and suspicious. When criminals attack victims, they believe they were actually defending themselves (Senna Siegel, 1990). For male rapists, women are percept as sex objects and they believe that women are not worthy of respect since men are more competitive in the sphere of sexual relations. Rapists are unable to identify the equality between the two sex roles. The expression of mens masculinity is demonstrated in power rape. As Groth and Birnbaum (1979) stated, The intent of the power rapist is to assert his competency and validate his masculinity (as cited in Hall, 1995:76). Power rape is driven by fantasy. The power rapist projects his own desires on the victim, thereby interpreting her resistance as a facade of non-compliance. The rapists are exited by pain and suffering of the victim (Murphy Clare, 2003). The dehumanization of women reflects rapists inconsideration on others. The power rapists use language of instructional as to express conquest against women. (d) Physiological theory Physiological theory is the identification of the psychopathic personality (Senna Siegel, 1990). Psychopathic personality is caused by physical abnormality in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS mediates internal activities such as heart beat and blood pressure when associated with emotions. The physical abnormality can be caused by genetic and biochemical factors. Therefore, psychopathic personality is predisposed innately and is unaffected by socialization. Psychopath experiences lower arousal levels to stimuli and react differently from the normal. Therefore, it is possible that psychopaths are thrill seekers who engage in high-risk, antisocial activities to raise their general neurological level to a more optimal rate (Senna Siegel, 1990). Criminals are potential psychopaths who devoted in risky activities. As Freud developed, libidinal energy is internalized in particular zone of human, these zones are oral, anal, phallic and genital. These zones will evoke a feeling of pleasure when they are stimulated (Vogelman, 1990). Therefore, it is possible for men to have biological drive for sex. Moreover, As Gebbard, Gagnon, Pomeroy and Christenseon (1965) stated, In many mammals, coitus is preceded by a physical strugglethe physiological by-products of excitement and exertion is the increased heart rate, increased breathing, muscle tension, the greater supply of blood to the body surfaces, etc (cited in Vogelman, 1990: 39). Men rape not purely because of lust and lack of sex, but to facilitate sexual arousal. The arousal is obtained from the struggle of woman to produce a sense of excitement (Vogelman, 1990). Treatment As mentioned previously, the response of crime in positivism concentrates on treatment rather than punishment. Offenders who seem to have personality problems will undergo a psychological evaluation examined by forensic psychologists and psychiatrists (Senna Siegel, 1990). These professionals worked within the criminal justice system to assess the possibility of personality disorder. They also assert appropriate treatment to criminals according to their degree of deficiency. Treatment for rapists seeks to identify the causes of their deviant behavior, and to cure them by changing their thinking processing. Treatments for rapists include psychotherapy, behavior modification and biomedical therapy (Hall, 1995). There are three forms of psychotherapy: relapse prevention, cognitive therapy, and victim empathy. Relapse prevention is based on the belief that an event such as emotion and behavior are prior to rape, rapists are asked to identify the preceding events so that whenever the event appear they can consciously terminate their offensive behavior (Hall, 1995). Relapse prevention is the exercise of self control utilization. Cognitive therapy indoctrinates a moral perception to rapists that it is necessary to rationalize and justify their own offensive behavior (Hall, 1995). Victim empathy enables the rapists to empathize with his victims, thereby gaining recognition of the lasting impact of his action. In this therapy, rapist reenacts the rape from the perspective of a victim (Hall, 1995). A new moral reasoning system is constructed from this torture experience. Behavior modification is done by arousal control (Hall, 1995). It makes use of adverse conditions to control unacceptable behavior. For example, a rapist is assigned to be exposed to a scene which depicts a violent sexual encounter. If he is sexually aroused, he might receive a series of electrical shocks or might be subjected to an offensive odor (Hall, 1995). The purpose of the treatment is to cause the rapist to respond adversely to the thoughts of sexual violence. Thus, behavior is reformed. Biomedical therapy involves the use of drugs in conjunction with other forms of therapy. Drugs are used as a form of chemical castration that results in suppression of the manufacture of the sex hormones, testosterone. It may also use to suppress inappropriate fantasies and compulsive behavior (Hall, 1995). Offensive behavior can be removed. Psychological positivism as legal defense mechanism In criminal justice system, a voluntary act, the actus reus and a mental element, the mens reas are required to condemn someone to be guilty (Murphy Clare, 2003). The mental elements include the cognitive development and psychiatric conditions of the offenders. The cognitive development contributes to the ability to identify existing problems and formulate an effective way to solve the problems (Murphy Clare, 2003). If the development is interrupted, the offender is claimed to be no intention for their acts. Likely is the psychiatric illness sufferer. The criminal law recognizes these abnormal mental conditions of a person not to entirely responsible for their actions as intent for the commission of crime is negated (Senna Siegel, 1990). The mental state of unconscious is used as a legal defense mechanism. If a person is declared insane when they were committing crime, a judgment of not guilty by reason of insanity (cited in Senna Siegel, 1990) is entered. The person is then held in an institution for the criminally insane until found to be sane and eligible for release (Senna Siegel, 1990). Offenders can escape from punishment liked incarceration. Besides, involuntarily intoxication under duress or by mistake may also be an excuse to refute the crime committed. Even though voluntary intoxication can lessen the degree of crime because the defendant can prove they were lacking of critical element for mental intention (Senna Siegel, 1990). For example, a judgment may be decreased from first to second-degree murder. The defense mechanism in respect to psychological positivism is being criticized as it spurs crime as it releases criminal offenders. Criminal justice system is thus unjust. Conclusion The willingness of time and money consumption to investigate psychological positivism indicates that policymakers ascertain that personal trait is a contributing cause of criminality. Nevertheless, there are critiques in psychological positivism. Since positivism is a science, it is inaccessible to the general community. Power is centered in the hands of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists with their specialized knowledge (White Haines, 2003). Debate was also found on the efficacy of criminal profiling. Psychological positivism brings suspicious people into innocent criminals simply because they match certain personality traits (White Haines, 2003). In contrast, psychological positivism allows crime to be prevented by early intervention such as pre-school program to enforce discipline to children. Psychological positivism tends to construct a more harmonic society for the future.