Bela Bartok

Research Paper on Bela Bartok†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. By Jibin Parayil Thomas (2011B4A7628G) Introduction Bela Bartok (1881-1945) is regarded as a key innovator of the twentieth-century music. He is widely known for compositions strongly influenced by his folk music studies, and for his activities as a concert pianist, music editor and teacher. The works of Bela Bartok are generally approached from either of two theoretical premises.The first being an extension of traditional western art music that has preceded him (particularly the expanded harmonic resources which emerged during the ‘Romantic' musical period), the other being from Bartok's own research into the folk music of Europe. It has been said that through this research, Bartok was able to free himself from the tyrannical rule of the major and minor keys, leading eventually to a new conception of the chromatic scale, every tone of which came to be considered of equal value and could be used freely and independently .Bartok was not noted for his use of 12-tone concepts per se, but his search for harmonic freedom did parallel the concepts of the 12-tone composers of his time. His music rarely displays the consistent vocabulary that would prove a set-theory approach to be worthwhile. There are certain pitch collections that do appear consistently in his work. Bartok achieved something that no one had before his time, the symbolic handshake between East and West: synthesis, a seamless blending of two sources into a single style.Bartok was a knowledgeable ethnomusicologist who wrote and lectured on his areas of research into the cultural music of Europe in general, and of Hungary in particular. (Ethnomusicology  is defined as â€Å"the study of social and cultural aspects of music and dance in local and global contexts). The research paper comprises three sections: the first explores Bartok’s general philosophy on life, as it evolved within the turbulent political and cultural environment in which he grew up.Focusing on his major works the second section identifies the innovative characteristics of his musical style within the context of the diverse genres in which he composed. The third section examines the wide variety of critical and analytical responses to his compositions and his performances. 1-Bartok’s background and development Bartok’s family reflected some of the ethnic diversity of the country. His mother Paula Voit Bartok ,was ethnically German,though she spoke Hungarian fluently, his father,Bela Sr. considered himself thoroughly Hungarian,though his mother was from a Serbian family. Although Bartok’s musical upbringing was purely German ,parts of his background leaned towards Hungarian nationalism. Some of Bartok’s most important musical colleagues were the members of the Waldbauer-Kerpely String Quartet,who came together in 1909 specifically to perform Bartok’s and Kodaly’s first string quartets,and the compose rs and musicians of the New Hungarian Music Society.The turn of the twentieth century,which marks the beginning of Bela Bartok’s musical career,witnessed a Hungarian society divided from the point of view of its musical taste into three distinct layers:the upper classes which included the nobility,the urban financiers,industrialists and bourgeoisie turned to the west for their musical needs;the gentry and the urban middle class found satisfaction I the music of gypsy bands and in popular art songs;t was only the agrarian folk who lived with its folksongs and musical customs,solated from the rest of society.Bartok obtained his childhood impressions of Hungarian music from his provincial urban environment. At the age of four he could play with one finger on the piano the folk tunes familiar to him, about forty of them. When Bartok entered the Academy of Music in Budapest in 1899,he had no better knowledge of his country’s folksongsthan that of the general public.

Swot Analysis Fed Ex Indianapolis Hub 2012

Marketing Strategy Falls School of Business – MBA program Dr. Michael D. Wiese – Fishers Campus Proposal to Management of Market Audit – SWOT / Environmental Analysis By: Jeffrey K. Lockhart October 02, 2012 To: Another open letter to the management of Federal Express Corporation (FedEx Corp): Ladies and Gentlemen, I am currently involved in an MBA marketing class at the Falls School of Business – Anderson University.I have been asked, as part of a marketing audit, to assist in building a marketing plan that analyzes a portion of the â€Å"Situation Analysis† of such plan, for a particular Strategic Business Unit (SBU), or actual work unit, at my place of employment. The process for building a marketing plan starts with a detailed situation analysis of the market and business. The primary purpose of a situation analysis is to uncover key performance issues that usually go unnoticed in day-to-day business operations. The output of the situation analy sis is used to build the marketing strategy.To accomplish this I will discuss the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) / Environmental Analysis, with respect to current market forces, the business’s competitive position, and its current performance for the identified SBU described below. I will do this by listing the internal strengths and weaknesses that impact the SBU’s ability to serve FedEx customers, constituency; as well, as directly meet the FedEx mission. Also, I will list some of the external/environmental factors that are impacting/shaping the ability of the unit to serve its customers, constituency; as well, as meet the FedEx mission.Finally, as part of the SWOT I will discuss the opportunities and threats that as managers you should be aware of; and for which you will want to manage. Identification of the Specific Business Unit (SBU): FedEx Express – Indianapolis Hub – Sec. 9 – Dallas / Ft. Worth ramp (DFW) SWOT Analy sis: FedEx Express – Indianapolis Hub – Sec. 9 – Dallas / Ft. Worth ramp (DFW) Internal Strengths:| Internal Weaknesses:| Recognized as Industry Global Market Leader/ largest transportation company; providing fast reliable service for more than 3. million package shipments each business day; 10m + each day from the DFW ramp alone. (I)| Limited freight volume handling ability; with the DFW SBU only having 35 employees; and 16 slides, and four hours in which to perform each night’s sort. (I)| Leading-edge information and engineering technology (the Matrix). Current package tracking system is state of the art. This provides tremendous advantage for the various ramps in the Indy hub. (I)| Reliability on other areas of the hub to perform their job in a satisfactory manner.Non-con drivers making timely deliveries of freight to the sort process. (I)| Worlds largest privately owned Fleet of cargo airplanes (660 jets). There are currently 90 gates for planes comin g in and out of the Indy hub; DFW manages 2 of them each sort. (I)| Late in-bound planes can cause the entire sort to be delayed; resulting in late out-bound flights to the freights final destination. (I)| Boeing 777’s now fly into the Indy hub; lowering emissions, with less fuel consumption, this aircraft reduces the environmental and also noise impact of entire operations. I)| Costs and frequency of asset replacement / investment is very expensive. Keeping a fleet of 660 aircraft maintained; as well, the constant new purchase of aircraft is a drain on company capital. (I)| Indianapolis is the second largest distribution hub in the company; only behind home-base Memphis, TN. (I)| Plane â€Å"strikes† by tug drivers can be very costly incidences for the company. The DFW ramp had no aircraft strikes by its drivers during 2011; and none year to date 2012. (I)| FedEx Invented Express distribution. The Indy hub continues to grow due to this attribute of FedEx. I)| The cost in penalties for not meeting required express shipping deadlines for each package can add up to a significant total annual dollar cost. (I)| Providing rapid, reliable, time-definite delivery to more than 220 countries and territories; the DFW ramp participates in this. (I)| | Customer Service is provided by significant training of each DFW ramp worker in the correct processing/application of their job. (I)| | Below is a list of â€Å"External Environmental Factors† affecting the FedEx marketing strategy include both those that would be considered strengths; as well as those considered to affect the company in a negative manner.External Environmental Factors – Strengths:| External Environmental Factors – Weaknesses:| FedEx has contracted long-term with the US Postal Service to deliver all of its Global Express Guaranteed international shipping freight. It features 1-3 business days to more than 190 countries (Money-back guarantee). (E)| Business is subject to ma jor economic downturns. In the 2000 downturn many companies looking for a way to save money stopped shipping, or moved to cheaper methods such as surface shipping. This resulted in reduced routes and limited lay-offs. E)| FedEx now connects markets that comprise more than 90% of the world’s gross domestic product within one to three business days. (E)| A recent survey found that 84% of â€Å"satisfied† customers will â€Å"jump ship† for a better deal if the opportunity arises. With the marketplace becoming increasingly commoditized, customer retention has become a critical part of business strategy. (E)| FedEx measures customer service and loyalty via two separate indexes; a 1% increase in the Loyalty Index has been found to be worth approximately $100mm of additional annual business. E)| Inclement weather is definitely a negative environmental factor that can affect timely delivery of FedEx express delivery. Winter snows and summer thunder storms definitely pr esent challenges to the various FedEx markets. | FedEx Express is named among the top five of the â€Å"World’s Best Multinational Workplaces† by Great Places to Work Institute. (E)| The TSA adopted new rules enhancing many of the security requirements for air cargo on both passenger and all-cargo aircraft. It is reasonably possible that these new rules, or other future security requirements for air cargo carriers, could impose material costs on FedEx. FedEx Express is named Super Eco-Airline of the Year 2012 by Air Transport World. (E)| The FAA’s regulatory authority relates primarily to operational aspects of air transportation, including aircraft standards; as well, personnel and ground facilities, which may from time to time affect the ability of FedEx to operate its aircraft in the most efficient manner. | FedEx Corp ranks ninth in the business Super-brands list and is the only company representing the transportation industry in the top 20, making it a lead er in its field. E)| FedEx Express participates in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (â€Å"CRAF†) program. Under this program, the U. S. Department of Defense may requisition for military use certain of FedEx Express’s wide-bodied aircraft in the event of a declared need, including a national emergency. | Opportunities and Threats are part of the SWOT analysis that must be examined by managers involved in the development of a marketing plan/strategy include the following.. Opportunities| Threats| The DFW ramp has the opportunity to grow its portion of the Indy hub market share if its manpower is increased.It is only limited by itself. If the volume will support more staff it will be allowed. | Personal injuries in the workplace can affect the DFW ramp’s overall performance ratings. Thus, limiting the advancement of its managers. | The DFW ramp can control its freight misflows by continuing the training of its personnel. This will result in improved performance rating s for the ramp and additional opportunities for its managers. | Conflicts between personnel can negatively affect, and ultimately change the â€Å"mojo† of the ramp’s team performance.Teamwork is a very important attribute, necessary for the ramp to meet its volumes and timelines. | The DFW ramp has the opportunity every night to help solidify the loyalty of 10m customers to FedEx. | If it does not do its job correctly the DFW ramp has the opportunity to give 10m customers a reason to use UPS for their next shipment of freight. | Each DFW ramp staff has the opportunity to quash the various FedEx competitors by performing their job with excellence. | Unionization is always a potential threat to the current positive work environment.This would not be a good thing for the company. | By doing their job correctly, identifying suspicious packages each of the DFW ramp staff has the opportunity to act in place of a DEA or BATF agent. | Drugs trafficking and potential terrorism are definite threats to FedEx with each sort that takes place. | Theft prevention can enhance FedEx’s reputation in the market place. Each DFW ramp staff has the opportunity to act as eyes and ears against theft of freight being shipped through their area. | Individual theft of various pieces of freight can hurt FedEx’s reputation in the market place. |

Inclusive Education Essay

According to Verma & Bagley, â€Å"Equality has long been a major goal of education around the world. As early as 1948, Article 26 of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that, â€Å"everyone has the right to education† and â€Å"education shall be free, at least at the elementary and fundamental stages† (2007, p. 3). In relation to this statement, most governments who are members of the United Nation have made substantial efforts geared towards the realization of this Universal Declaration of Human rights. There is a credible evidence to suggest that educational investment on an individual not only benefit the individual personally; in terms of their earnings, but the society as a whole in both economic and social areas ( Verma, & Bagley, 2007). Inclusion is a philosophy that focuses on the process of adjusting the home, school and the larger society to accommodate persons with diverse needs. All individuals regardless of their differences are accorded the opportunity to interact, play, learn, work and experience the feeling of belonging. Besides, they are also allowed to develop in accordance with their potential and abilities. Inclusion therefore, calls for various persons to be fully involved in all aspects of life which include: education, employment, access to information, decision making process, community and domestic activities, recreational and social activities, and access to consumer goods and services such as electricity and clean water supply (Hegarty, 1993). Inclusion is about the following: welcoming diversity, benefiting all (learners) with or without special needs, children in or out of school who may feel excluded, providing equal access to education to all learners, continuous search to finding better ways of responding to diversity, identification and removal of barriers to education, stimulating creativity and problem solving by all, learners who risk marginalization, exclusion and/or underachievement of all learners, reforming schools and other institutions to ensure that every child receives quality and appropriate education within these schools, and having a positive mind set and start seeing the possibilities rather than impossibilities, and finally it is about improving learning environment and providing opportunities for all learners to become successful in their learning experiences (Hegarty, 1993). Inclusive education is a philosophy that ensures that, schools, centres of learning and other educational settings and systems are open to all children. This enables the learners to be included in all aspects of school-life. According to UNESCO (2001), Inclusive Education takes the Education For All agenda foreword. This is done by finding the ways of enabling schools to serve all learners in their communities as part of an Inclusive Education. Therefore, an inclusive school includes learners with various diversities and differentiates educational experiences to cater for the various diversities (UNESCO, 2001). The benefits of Inclusive Education include, all learners learn and grow in the environment that they will eventually live and work. As participation of those who are â€Å"different† takes root, all learners and teachers gain the virtues of being accommodating, accepting, patient and co-operative. Other children gain some valuable virtues such as being considerate, patient and humble as they support their peers with special needs. It should also be remembered that some children with special needs are as well gifted and therefore other children or learners can as well benefit form them thus, it is not only the other way round. Besides, Inclusive Education offers to the teachers, an opportunity to share ideas and knowledge with each other, parent, and significant others, thus making education a meaningful aspect of everyday life. The also develop their skills and abilities when working as a team to address the challenges. This may also boost their status in the community. In addition, Inclusive Education creates a school for all, where everybody benefits resulting to an inclusive society. Further, the self-esteem of children who have special needs in education is improved. Inclusive Education is cost effective and gives equal opportunities to all children, thus promoting the right to all to education. Some of the concerns from the educators about barrier to inclusion frequently include: the school factors which include classroom factors like poor classroom arrangement, student factors like negative attitudes of learner with or without special needs towards each other, teacher factor which might range from negative attitude towards learners with special needs to inadequate training on various aspects of Inclusive Education. According to Loreman, Deppeler & Harvey, â€Å"Secondary teachers in Victoria, Australia, were found to lack the skills required to modify curriculum for children with diverse abilities and were reported to be in urgent need of training in this area in a study conducted by Grbich and Sykes. † (2005, p. 6). Curriculum factor which, often, is mostly rigid and some teachers lack the ability or knowhow to modify it; therefore, do not take into consideration the needs of the diverse learners. There are sub- standard government schools, negative attitude on the part of policy makers towards education of children with special needs, special education is at times planned on disability levels rather than on ability levels, there is a correlation between disability and extreme poverty levels (Hegarty & Alur, 2002). The other major concern is the support services and resource factors. Learners with special needs require basic support servicers for learning to be effective in an inclusive setting which are usually lacking in most inclusive setting. Examples of support services that can be made available to these learners include the following: resource rooms which should be adequately resourced, itinerant services, provision of educational resources relevant to their needs, parental support is also very paramount, technical support such as sign language interpreters and Braille transcribers, teacher-aides, peer support, physiotherapy, guidance and counselling, occupational therapies, community support and finally, provision of required equipment ( Daniels & Garner, 1999). â€Å"One of the major stumbling blocks to inclusion lies in the financial arrangement currently in place. Funding arrangements do not encourage inclusion, and the problem is not unique to England and Wales. The situation is similar in USA† ( Daniels & Garner 1999 p. 70). Collaboration and community involvement is very important. Lack of the same often hinders the process of inclusion. Collaboration and community involvement can be done through parental involvement, community involvement, partnership and networking, school management involvement, interactive relationships among the various stakeholders and home based programmes (Hornby, 1995). Some of the best practices that might alleviate the challenges faced in the practice of Inclusive Education may be adopted from the principles of Inclusive Education. These are principles that govern the practice of Inclusive Education. It calls for equalization of opportunities for all learners to experience normal mainstream activities, while making deliberate and appropriate measures to ensure quality education for all. Besides, Inclusive Education calls for a child centred curriculum and the learner to attend the school that he would naturally go to in his community if he had no special needs. In addition, it advocates for accessibility to the learning process and curriculum by all learners by differentiating the learning and assessment process according to the learner’s needs (Mitchell, 2007). Furthermore, Inclusive Education addresses the needs of all learners with visible or invisible learning difficulties such as visual, hearing, physical, intellectual, communication, emotional and behavioural, bereavement from HIV and AIDs, child abuse, poverty, racism, malnourishment, emotional effects of war, divorce, family separation and living on streets. It also recognises and caters for individual differences in race, religion, abilities, disabilities or circumstances are not seen as challenges but as resources. Inclusive Education also plans for positive learning opportunities with support to learners with special needs as an integral part of the ordinary school. Even further, Inclusive Education requires change of negative attitude, negative behaviours, teaching methodologies, curricula, and environments to meet the needs of all learners, hence overcoming barriers to learning and development and finally, Inclusive Education calls on special needs education service providers to work closely with others within the community such as health and social worker emphasizing prevention and early intervention strategies to minimize the occurrence and the impact of disabilities in the community. Conclusion In Inclusive Education, we endeavour to provide a comprehensive educational plan that modifies the mainstream curriculum to give maximum opportunity to children with special needs, children who are marginalised, and children who are vulnerable as well as those who are neglected; in order for them to become productive members of the society. Developing positive attitude in parents, teachers, peers and the community at large towards the various categories of children with special needs (Mitchell, 2007). Providing equal opportunities to all children to share knowledge, resources and experiences. Suggesting approaches and teaching methodologies to accommodate all children in regular classes regardless of their diversities or disabilities. Developing and implementing a curriculum that is all inclusive or flexible and accessible. Reaching the unreached children and youths within the regular education. Facilitating inclusion of children in all aspects of life. Identifying and minimizing if not eradicating all barriers to learning and development, and finally, minimizing the effects of disabilities on the child (Smith, 1998).

Compare and contrast two European countries Essay

Compare and contrast two European countries - Essay Example Social exclusion and marginalization have been intensified by the several factors, which includes the following. The increasing disparities in educational and skill levels have led to several people staying out of the labor market because judgment is based on qualification. Long-term unemployment poses the individuals to the risk of segregation in the society. They may be denied access to opportunities due to their economic status. Male joblessness is another rising issue. This is brought about by the emphasis placed on gender equality. In the effort to combat the past inequalities, much has been done on the women and girl child part hence putting the male species at stake. (Atherton, 2003, p.81) Since more and more women are getting educated and are given first priority in the job sector men are at the risk of losing jobs. Another factor is feminization of an increasingly casualised work force. The widening gaps in income levels are creating bigger possibilities of social exclusion. The increasing gaps in income levels are building on social gaps between the rich and the poor. The rich gets richer and the poor is getting poorer. This makes it difficult for the poor to cope with the fast moving life. People who cannot fit in the high-class life are locked out to belong to a rather low class. (Atherton, 2003, p.85) Deteriorating health and life expectancies for the poor society members is on the increase. The poor cannot access to health services most likely after the superiors deny them them. Poor health leads to short life expectancy. The poor standards of living contribute largely to the rising mortality rates among the poor. The rich has enough income to eat well, have a dignified life, a good health and their life expectancy is higher compared to the life expectancies of the poor members in the society. (Ferguson, 1990, p.24) Social exclusion is at the centre of public discourse in all countries across the European Union. Most researchers and scholars use past data to create comparable indicators of social exclusion. Most of the comparable dynamic information was on a wide range of demographic, social and economic indicators across Europe. Almost half the employed age population is disadvantaged on at least one point in time. Very few people are likely to be sidelined on a large number of social exclusio

Analysis of a Qualitative Research Report Essay

Analysis of a Qualitative Research Report - Essay Example Teachers are in the unique position of establishing a relationship with the student wherein the teach may feel obligated to protect the student. When a student dies, the teacher may feel responsible for that death to some degree. It is important for individuals in the nursing profession to identify the need for services to individuals in need. In so doing, individuals in the nursing profession can recommend services for all those involved utilizing a team approach. Essentially, when nurses identify the need for services, they can work with an interdisciplinary team which often includes social work staff, psychological services staff etc. A referral initiated by the nursing staff can be vital to ensuring teachers are provided with the appropriate services to assist them in the grieving process and assure that the teachers arrive at the point of acceptance and return to their lives free of guilt, anger and the other symptoms which accompany a loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the way in which teachers deal with the death of a student during the school year. This is significant to the field of nursing in that there is a very real possibility that a teacher who has experienced the death of a student will have to seek the assistance of a nurse or someone in the nursing profession was a direct result of the inability to cope with the death of a student. In seeking the assistance of a nurse, it is important for nurses to be aware of both the physical and psychological effects of having experience the death of a young person. In being aware of the effects, a nurse or someone in the nursing profession is able to make an informed decision with regards to the course of treatment as well as to engage the necessary professionals in rendering a continuum of services. iii) Research Question: What is the research question? If it is not stated, what would be the research question? In what way would you say that the question is

Comoany Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comoany Report - Research Paper Example Edwin Good who was then a merchant in New York, came to Manhattan to work as an apprentice for Bergdorf. When almost two years passed Goodman had raised enough money to purchase the store from Goodman and moves to a location where it stands today and named the store ‘Bergdorf Goodman’ in 1901. Goodman was the first couturier to introduce ready-to-wear fashion in 1914, which became very popular (The Neiman Marcus, Inc). Gradually Goodman started to purchase the stores nearby and expended its business throughout the street and acquiring the entire block in 1930. Goodman was awarded as the ‘Legion of Honor’ from France and after that he retired as the most accomplished merchant of his time in 1953. Goodman’s son Andrew assumed the position of President and continued to expand its product range (The Neiman Marcus, Inc). The company expanded its business of up to $1 million in beauty salon and bridal services and in the year 1967 the investment of $2.5 million doubled the size of the store. In 1980, Bergdorf Goodman was taken over by Neiman Marcus and Contempo Casuals to form Neiman Marcus Group. The group expanded the business in to a restaurant and a cafà © in which lunch and afternoon tea is served. In 2005, two equity firms acquired Neiman Marcus Group (The Neiman Marcus, Inc). The mission of the Company is to become a premier luxury retailer in providing our customers with unique needs and with superior services. The focus is to serve the affluent customers with distinctive merchandise with a commitment stronger than ever. Our aim remains to maximize the perception of brand exclusivity and alleviate the sales of goods at premium prices (The Neiman Marcus, Inc). Operating earnings for the specialty stores were $272.5 million and the revenues for the August 2009 was $124.3 million. The increase in the operating margin was due to the low net markdowns and higher customer

Characters analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Characters analysis - Essay Example r to each individual character: Antigone is clearly an agent of the gods and aligned with them for following their portents, while Creon is a person who wantonly rejects both of these important principles. The truth of the matter, is, however, a bit more subtle. A careful examination of the Thebian plays shows that Antigone and Creon are in fact equally concerned with the will of the gods on a theoretical front; Antigone, however, has no more concerns than this theory, while Creon must manage pragmatic issues with running a city. The first-glance analysis of these two characters and their priorities seems to indicate that Antigone and Creon are the antithesis of each other in the realm of honor and duty. Despite the fact that god’s will certainly seems to be that Eteocles should be buried despite his role on the losing side of the Theban civil war (Sophocles 34), Creon stays adamant in his displeasure with the dead man, and insists that he not be buried with any rights. Antigone bravely goes ahead with attempts at burial, showing that she respects the honor of the dead more than Creon does. Antigone is good – Creon is not. This, however, represents a somewhat simplistic analysis of the text. Antigone certainly is willing to do the ‘right thing’ her interests align with those of the gods, and she is willing to follow them through. She also uses the word â€Å"honor† frequently, along with many calls to the importance of family, all things that Creon should value (Sophocles 23). Antigone is clearly in the right in many ways, and is a brave woman for being able to stand up for what is right. Creon, however, does not disagree with Antigone on the theoretical principles, such as respecting family and honoring the gods. He clearly puts a great deal of effort into educating his son, and cares deeply for his son’s wellbeing. He even spends a great deal of time exhorting his son to behave as the gods would have him, and to generally be a godly

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication Research Proposal

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication - Research Proposal Example Special focus will be put on Internet Protocol Security or IPSec protocol suite based VPN technology. A VPN is a kind of relatively secure network communication system. With the help of tunneling techniques (for example, HTTP tunnel), tunneling protocols (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol or L2TP), IPSec technology, etc., a VPN is capable of operating as a secure and cost-effective network even inside the framework of a public network infrastructure (Bentley Walker 2012). Providers are now establishing VPN compatible with satellite communication systems (Siris, Ververidis, and Polyzos 2013). However, according to Fereidooni, Taheri, and Mahramian (2012:228): â€Å"In essence, a VPN provides a secured tunnel between two end points across a public network. The protocols used over the Internet (TCP/IP) are designed for reliable end-to-end data delivery over unreliable and congested networks †¦ However, satellite bears a high latency (delay) medium and TCP response to such latency is not in a determined way.† In general, satellite modems are utilized for operating a VPN over satellite. These modems help to send TCP/IP data in the form of radio frequency or RF. They also help in receiving TCP/IP data from the RF signals. This kind of network communication system is termed as the â€Å"VPN over satellite† (Bentley Walker 2012, paragraph 1; Ground Control 2014) technology, which has become a crucial necessity for remote users. While analyzing the security issues around VPN, Zhu and Ma (2004) stated that public key infrastructure (PKI) can be especially helpful along with dedicated network level key exchange protocols to enhance data protection. Within a few years, Demirel, Alagoz, and Ufuk (2006) stated that flow identification methods too are crucial for IPSec VPN technology operated via satellites. Much later, Fereidooni et al (2009) developed an enhanced

Comparing and Contarasting the Governments of India and Ireland Research Paper

Comparing and Contarasting the Governments of India and Ireland - Research Paper Example Ireland Like India, Republic of Ireland is a sovereign democratic state with a parliamentary form of government. The Cabinet or Executive is known as the government of the Republic of Ireland exercising executive authority in terms of the Irish constitution. The republic is also a member of the European Union. The cabinet or government of the Ireland is seated in its capital city Dublin. 2. Internal structures There are three branches of the government in both India and Ireland, the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. India The constitution provides for a federal government structure with President as the head of the executive of the union. The legislative assembly is the parliament and is the supreme governing body. According to the constitution of India adopted on 26th November 1949, the union parliament consists of a lower and an upper house called the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), respectively. The upper house is comprised of 2 50 elected members, whereas the lower house comprises a total of 550 elected members. The constitution also provides for a Council of Ministers with the prime minister as its head. The president is bound to exercise powers in accordance with the advice of the prime minister. Thus, the executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by a prime minister. ... The Council of ministers along with chief minister as its head is responsible to the state legislative assembly. The seven union territories are administered centrally. Judicial system in India functions independently. The judicial branch of Indian government has a unitary system. The structure of judiciary consists of Supreme Court of India at federal level, High courts of India at the level of the state, and district and session courts in all districts within a state. The Supreme Court comprises 30 associate judges headed by a Chief Justice. These associate judges are appointed by the president on advice of the chief justice of India. The superior courts in India have the power to review laws of state not in conformity with the constitution and invalidate them. The government employs civil servants who are responsible for the implementation of government decisions. Ireland The parliament of the Ireland is called the Oireachtas. Like the Indian parliament, Oireachtas is a bicameral parliament comprised of a lower and an upper house known as the Dail Eireann and Seanad Eireann, respectively. There are 60 members in the upper house and 166 in the lower house. According to the constitution of republic of Ireland, the cabinet must be larger than 7 and smaller than 15 members. Prime minister, called Taoiseach is head of the government who is nominated by the lower house and formally appointed by the president. There is also a deputy prime minister called Tanaiste appointed from members of the government by the prime minister. According to the constitution, only two members can be appointed from the upper house, and Taoiseach, Tanaiste and Minister for Finance must be appointed from the lower house. Other members of the government are called

Professional report about an issue pertaining to business ethics or Essay - 1

Professional report about an issue pertaining to business ethics or CSR - Essay Example As an ethical advisor of the company, it will be advised on what actions it can take to address this issue. Finally, the limitations of this course of action will be highlighted. A major online concern for social networking sites is privacy of its users over the Internet and their right to it. There are many areas of concern under this issue; the amount of information that users are required to submit about themselves that identifies them, how this information is displayed, how this information is used by social networks; whether it is simply stored or shared with other companies that require customer information, and finally whether users are made aware and given control of how their information is displayed and used. The important ethical question that comes to mind regarding Internet privacy is whether social network users have a right to privacy. Social networkers and other internet users are becoming more aware of how social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Myspace read through information provided by users. What is unethical is that users, most of time, think of this information as personal and may not be aware of how this information is being read by second and third parties. Right to privacy also involves the level of control social network users have over the display of their images and information online (Santa Clara University, 2008). In order to justify the issue of user’s right to internet privacy as an ethical one, the Rights ethical theory is an important indicator. Before a link is created to how the rights ethical theory is related to user’s right to internet privacy, the theory itself will be explained briefly – under the rights ethical theory, the rights expressed by a society are given protection and the higher priority than all other things. These rights are then deemed to be morally acceptable and

KT boundary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KT boundary - Essay Example This unique layer in terms of its contents and age is believed to have been created sixty five million years ago. Geologists believe this demarcating line to be a clue to the extinction of dinosaurs and the spread of mammals on the earth. The contents of this layer are mainly clay in the bottom and in the upper layer it has got mixtures of minerals like quarts and broken pieces of prismatic crystal substances. The presence of iridium in this layer is very high. Supporting the theory of the mass impact as the presence of it is very less in earth whereas it is abundant in asteroids. The thickness of KT Boundary: Panelists unanimously agree that there is variation in the thickness of the layer. It becomes thinner in Northern America and Canada. But in Italy it is just one centimeter in thickness. The panelists observe that the line gets thinner when it moves from Southern American states into the Northern American states to Canada. The thickness of the layer is three centimeters in America whereas it is only 1 cm thick in Italy owing to the climate impacts on the boundary. KT Boundary and the Extinction of Dinosaurs: The most scientists believe that dinosaurs became extinct because of a single catastrophic event; a massive asteroid impact and gradually the earth witnessed the spread of mammals. The fall of the asteroid led to a kind of situation on the atmosphere where there was no sunlight and thus there was no process of photosynthesis which made a greater crack in the food chain which led to massive extinction. As a result, comparatively bigger animals got extinct whereas mammals and other minor organisms could survive as they were able to hibernate .Scientists are of the opinion that dinosaurs wanted a large area to live in and they could not withstand the impact of asteroid fall and the aftereffects.. In the talk, panelists tell us of crocodiles and turtles who could live underneath the water after the mass impact. Alternate Theory: Melvyn Brag after

The Taming of the Shrew Essay Example for Free

The Taming of the Shrew Essay The servants in the play are mainly dopey and dim-witted. They fool around stage acting stupidly and behaving erratically. As the majority of the audiences would not have had a proper education, so they would rely on these exaggerated actions and visual antics. An example of this would be when Petruchio returns home after the wedding, only to find his servants gossiping. A frantic scene follows where the servants all end up falling over each other etc. This kind of foolish behaviour would have entertained un-educated Elizabethan audiences. All comedies by Shakespeare follow the same simple structure, similar to all other plays. The play starts with an exposition stage, which is when the story emerges and things start to go wrong and get out of hand. Next is the complication stage, which is when the play becomes even more complicated and everyone appears stuck. However, finally is the resolution stage where all the problems are solved. In tragedy plays, the play ends with the death of the hero or heroine, but in the majority of comedy plays, the play ends with a marriage. The tangled plot has been unwoven and problems solved. Petruchio immediately sets out to tame Katherina and her wild personality. Not only is he physically stronger than her, he is also wittier this is constantly apparent as he persistently winds Kate up: Pet. You lie, in faith for you are calld plain Kate, And bonny Kate, and sometimes Kate the curst; But Kate, the prettiest Kate in Christendom. Kate of Kate Hall, my super-dainty Kate, In this quotation, Petruchio is outlining his superiority over Katherina by winding her up by being patronising. After a direct order to not call her Kate, Petruchio goes on to persistently call her Kate to show his power. This not only annoys her, but weakens her and wears her down. He shows that he is not afraid to confront her making it clear from the outset that he is out to tame her. Petruchios methods of taming Katherina would appear disrespectful to modern audiences however they would have merely been humorous to Elizabethans. Throughout the play, the taming process continues, becoming more severe as the play progresses. At one point, Petruchio starves Kate, and deprives her of sleep to physically weaken her. Much of Petruchios speeches consist of cs and ks. This harsh phonology could suggest his dominance. Also, the majority of Kate repetitions are stressed using iambic pentameter. After a long taming period, Kate eventually caves in. She begins to realize that the only way she is going to get what she wants is to agree with what ever Petruchio says. Kat: Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet Pet: Why, how now Kate. I hope thou are not mad. This is a man, old, wrinkled, witherd This is said directly after Petruchio comments there a beautiful young woman present. This also adds comedy to the play, as the person being addressed is in fact an old rather fat man, nothing like a beautiful young woman. This is a pivotal moment in the play as it is the turning point, where Katherina finally gives into Petruchios unrelenting taming process. After this, Petruchios taming of Kate is complete.

Factors Affecting Menu Planning

Factors Affecting Menu Planning Research Report, describing the factors influencing menu planning and menu product development process Introduction In the recent years the food industry has created a boom in the market and has struck the economic status of the world market. The cuisine development and number of opening of eateries have gradually increased and magnetised the attention towards them. In a restaurant to be made successfully operational the main dictum is to fix the menu in order to make it saleable and to communicate to the mass. The point of success and potential of the outlet should be focussed in order to cut a renowned name in the society. The business rotates around the structure of the menu, the cost of the ingredients, the employment cost together on which the entire infrastructure is going to be framed. The menu pattern which is framed to run the restaurant needs a regular introspection and often introduction of new cuisine to enhance the growth of the outlet. The study of this topic is going to carry from the perspective of 10 Greek street, a restaurant in London and shall carry along a self evaluation to e xplicit a clear idea about the project. Task A (a) Principles of Recipe Development 10 Greek Street is a Restaurant in London, a very simple unshowy outlet ,yet containing an interesting platter of menu which is eye catching as well as amicable. The organisation follows the following principles while designing its recipes: To make a healthier recipe 10 Greek Street believes that a recipe should not only be munchy and tasty but it requires a healthy and balanced mixture of ingredients to fulfil the balance of the health. Substitution of ingredient and making the food healthier It targets to create a menu which has a nutritional value like less salt, fat and calories,and more importantly sugar.Food alone is insufficient to make one healthy. So a dietary balance which includes proper mixture of protein , carbohydrate and fat is very much required. Light Cooking – The prepared food are not heavily fried in order to ensure that they are not taxing heavily on the consumers health. Healthy Cooking and Living style. The most important factor for a good and healthy life is to make the food edible and digestible, both at the same time. Target Audience – The restaurant does prepare the recipes keeping in mind the demands of the target Audience. One can take the example of Brecon Lamb preparation which is cooked with white beans, Tomatoes, Olives and Anchovy prepared with very light and healthy oil and little spices. This is a very popular dish amongst its customers and follows the above principles. Task A (b) Factors that influence the Menu Planning Decisions The factors which influence the menu planning decisions is not only cost oriented but also depends on the target audience , their availability and the quality. Considering each target group which includes teenagers, middle aged and elderly group their demands vary and each needs a different combination of food for their sustenance. Menu planning decisions depends largely on a number of factors which include the customers choice of vegetarian or non vegetarian , either allergic or alien to certain ingredients. Competition in the Market 10 Greek Street, is focussed on the factor that the quality of food, the price of the menu and the quality is under sharp vigilance so as to compete and survive in the Market. Where it is situated:Â  The most important point of thought for the restaurant is to produce the food according to the locality. The outlet should be aware of the neighbourhood and thus motivate the ambience accordingly. Adopting new trends: The outlet has to groom itself according to the choice of the customers. Being on the country front requires more new and adoptable recipes than the people residing in the suburb who are comparatively less prone to accept the change. The kitchen parameter: The kitchen of the organisation is compact and prepared to produce the food mentioned in the menu chart and does not de motivate the target audience with extra non producible items. Supply, cost and the variety: The restaurant is conscious in supplying the food as per the requirement and does not overrate itself. The costing of each item is buyer friendly ,and the variety concept is applicable only during the occasions such as Christmas, and New Year Eve. Dietary change on demand: The company is flexible to produce the customers with their food of choice when required. Such as for Diabetic people or preparation for the vegetarians. The above principles are very important to run the menu of the organisation and it does so as to keep the pace of its publicity. Task (A) c The Influence and Requirements of the Service Methods The British Food Industry is supposedly one of the biggest food groups across the Globe. Their service method is also very compact to keep their market upright and concentrate on the class of customers whom they can satisfy. The service concept should be Task (B)a Justification of Designing a Menu The British Food Industry considered to be one of the biggest upcoming and growing industries requires an attention of improvement .The study of National Health Service Britain provides the world with a report that obesity is a rampant disease that is percolating the living beings specially the Homosapiens. Fast Food, Junk Grubs and long paucity in the food habits leads to the occurrence of this self eating ailment. The crossing of the Body Mass Index (BMI) leads to the growth of the blood sugar level leading to coronary disease, type two diabetes, and many more. The food habit is the primary concern which requires a regular examination and incurring fatty food requires vigorous exercise to burn out. The food served and the menu catered in the restaurant is often money minting concept than health concern. In that case the structure of the menu being less heavy, cooked in light oil and not being always too delicious can fulfil the requirement of an interesting menu and also the develo pment of the health. It is often stated that the gastronomy factor is in direct in confrontation with the taste buds and people tend to gobble spicy foods to achieve happiness. To halt the process the structure of the menu cards demands fast transformation. Modern age demands a very fast life with gorging into excessive fat and high calorie food with very little of physical exercise. The deposition of extra calorie heads towards the cause of depression and makes a person get into a continuous food habit. The Justification requires to incorporate a new eating style that sounds healthy and gives the stomach a sense of peace. Task (B)b Development of Food Service, Ambience, Supportive Menu, Recipe and Service style. There has been an intense concern about the health System in London and entire Britain. Eating of a balanced diet or following an exercise regime is now often suggested and fast food avoid is a must. People are now delving into the health conscious factor and are cutting down their restaurant food habits .Under such circumstance the food outlets require to cut short their high calorie charts and boil down towards, the easily consumable quality food. There has been enough publicity through the press and medical journals in order to awaken the minds. Not only the company should provide a healthy chart but they should also be the mentors to educate their new food habits. The environment requires peace and service friendly which has been already floated in the market. There should be a change in the development of human brain and subtraction of the concept of junk food from the minds. The process is in progress and the people are gradually finding it a more friendly ambience to become di sease free. Task (C) A new food concept according to the Customer requirement – The NHS report stands out to be threatening. If the standard rate of calorie hike is so fast then it can be assumed that the change is on the doorstep. The combination of food which we came across 10 Greek Street comprises of high calorie and fat content. This menu card which is being offered for Lunch and Dining consists of Desserts, ice creams ,mayonnaise ,shrimps all which contains the increase in the body weight . The people have fallen prey to it and what is required is simplicity. The menu format should consist of— Boiled vegetables b) Salads c) Fruit Salad d) Protein like fish and lean meat e) fatless milk and soya milk ice cream and desserts. The menu chart requires public attention and their acceptance. It is then only, the new food concept can be introduced and better results are expected. Task( D) Evaluating oneselfReview of the Project Report and Suggestions for the Betterment The SWOT analysis. The food trail that has been studied in the above project aided me to develop a specific thought about a human health concept. The menu which an outlet in general follows, prevents from making a man healthy and nutritious. Strength The healthy food concept which is straight, simple and light keeps a man from many a number of ailments. The diet which is available in an outlet does not always bank on the digestive capacity of a person. It is more bent on the tongue liking factor, the publicity and the demand of the organisation. Whereas a simple outlet which provides good quality food turns the human fraternity more happy and energetic and I have learnt a lesson that way. Weakness The food service sector has by and large increased in number and in London has generated a magnanimous business. And I have observed that keeping in mind the monetary factor the food service industry is very fast adding certain salts and recipes which are detrimental for health.I am assuming a destruction regarding the health of human beings but it is very tough for me to transform the entire system. Opportunity The Food service Industry now is getting into a turning point. Depending on the NHS London survey report the chain of food outlets growing can be curdled and in result very quality systems can emerge thereby divulging the old methods of food making.Good and healthy recipe with low calorie and fat can always be interesting and can pull in more number of people thus in return making them health conscious.I have observed that the medical reports threatens people and they run into solutions.So it can be said that there is always an opportunity to improve and develop. Threat My project Report leaves me threatened with the fact, sooner the better. The journey to change the menu and the recipe system does not depend only on me. It is a mass work and from this I have learnt that its true saying that ‘ An Apple a Day keeps a Doctor away’.That is me too need to pay attention on the food cycle and be very much aware. Since entire London is deeply delving into the practise of food and service I feel that it is high time that my thoughts are percolated into their minds and a change is very fast needed. But it also has ensured me that learning is a continuous progress and its not only me but we all need to change our lifestyles as fast as possible.

Female Genital Mutiliation

Female Genital Mutiliation Female Genital Mutilation According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, means partial or complete non-therapeutic removal or injury of each of the external female genitals for religious or cultural reasons (utz-billing Kentenich 225). FGM is an injury, physical and mental harm towards women and girls. Female Genital Mutilation has existed for over two thousand years, and over 125 million women and girls have experienced FGM in about 30 countries (Wilson 2013). It happens to 2 million girls every year (utz-billing Kentenich 226). FGM is performed mainly in Africa. (utz-billing Kentenich 226). A narrative coming from the article from Bulletin of the World Health Organization describes a real story, â€Å"I was just seven years old when I was cut,† said Leyla Hussein, a British woman of Somali origin. â€Å"The first thing I hears was my sister screaming. Then it was my turn. Four women held me down while they cut my clitoris. I felt every single cut. The pain was so intense – I blacked out.† (Shetty,Priya 6). Instruments that are used to execute FGM are unsterilized knives, razors, scalpels, pieces of broken glass, and so forth, or sterilized instruments under medical conditions (utz-billing Kentenich 226). The ages of girls/women when they undergo circumcision differ regionally (utz-billing Kentenich 225). In Ethiopia and Nigeria, 7- to 8-day-old babies are mutilated. In Somalia, Sudan and Egypt, girls, between 5 and 10 years old, experience circumcision. In some regions in East Africa, women undergo the circumcision during the wedding night, in some regions in West Africa during their first pregnancy (utz-billing Kentenich 225). There are four types of FGM in practice. Type one (clitoridectomy) means â€Å"removal of the clitoral foreskin†; type two (excision) stands for â€Å"removal of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minor†; type three (infibulation) stands for â€Å"removal of the clitoris and the labia minora and majora†; other types such as â€Å"pricking, piercing of clitoris or vulva, scraping of the vagina†, and so forth, are classified as type four (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Many of women and girls who have undergone some forms of FGM suffer severe mental, physical and social consequences. Women will suffer different types of physical consequences of FGM, such as â€Å"bleeding, wound infections, sepsis, shock, micturition problems, fractures, and so forth, as well as undertaking chronic physical problems like â€Å"anemia, infections of the urinary tract, incontinence, infertility, pain, menstruation problems, dyspareunia, and so on (utz-billing Kentenich 225). Mental consequences of women after undergoing FGM include the feelings of â€Å"incompleteness, fear, inferiority and suppression† that have a great impact on the whole life of women (utz-billing Kentenich 227). FGM also causes sexual problems such as loss of sexual desire caused by dyspareunia and reduced or no ability to have an orgasm are confirmed (utz-billing Kentenich 227). According to the record from Utz-billing and Kentenich, women have some symptoms of â€Å"chronic irritability and nightmares’, and woman also have a higher risk for â€Å"psychiatric diseases† such as â€Å"depressions, psychosis, neurosis and psychosomatic diseases† (utz-billing Kentenich 227). Ground on the interview study done by 47 women in Senegal, over 90 % of patients count FGM as a traumatic experience and depict feelings of â€Å"helplessness, fear, horror and severe pain†; 78% did not expect the intervention; nearly 80% had â€Å"severe fear or affective disorders† after FGM (utz-billing Kentenich 227). FGM is deeply rooted in the tradition and culture of a society (utz-billing Kentenich 225); in some cultures or societies, FGM is being performed since the mists of time. Female Genital Cutting is a social norm, which means that men and women often support FGM without question since it is a conventional practice that has occurred in communities from generations to generations (orchid project website). FGM serves the encouragement of the patriarchal family system and can be an instrument for birth control (utz-billing Kentenich 226). FGM is considered as being closely connected with cleanliness, virginity, healthiness, beauty and morality (orchid project website). In some societies, the mutilated genital is a symbol of feminity, of transition from girl to woman and of beauty (utz-billing Kentenich 226). In some communities, the girl who does not experience circumcision is considered as â€Å"unclean and sexually promiscuous†(orchid project website). On the other side, many communities believe that a girl needs to be cut in order to marry well; even though mothers do not want their daughters to be mutilated because of her own painful experience, she is less likely to quit the practice as a result of â€Å"social sanctions in place† (orchid project website). In other words, the girls who are cut will have a good marriage because the goal is to guarantee moral behavior and faithfulness of women to their husband, and it also promotes purity and enhances fertility (utz-billing Kentenich 226). On this basis, FGM also serves for protection of the woman from suspicions and disgrace (utz-billing Kentenich 226), and the girls will be thought to be cleaner, more fertile and will be a virgin until her wedding night (orchid project website). In addition, economic reasons play an important role in practicing FGM. â€Å"Parents get money for the pride proportionally to the degree of the operation† (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Women who experienced FGM have good incomes and have a high social status (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Based on the research which a total of 500 Nigerian women answered the reasons for FGM done by utz-billing Kentenich, we could know that 95% response that FGM is executed for cultural and traditional reasons; 49% said that FGM helps to prevent promiscuity; 18% answered that not mutilated vulva is ugly; 11% believed that FGM prevents the death of male newborns; 9% claimed that the reason to perform FGM is due to pressure of relatives; 6% reported religious reasons (utz-billing Kentenich 226). Concerning human rights, none of the cultural, religious, or social reasons for the performance of FGM could be accepted, since FGM has no health benefits and always leave women with lifelong physical and emotional trauma, and FGM objects women the right of freedom from bodily detriment. FGM is already condemned by many international organizations; the fight to end FGM is now global, with international agencies such as WHO, the World Medical Association, the UNESCO, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICER), and so forth (utz-billing Kentenich 228), and has strong support from governments. Looking back to history, international pressure to end FGM has been aggrandizing since 1997, when the WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA issued a joint statement calling on governments to ban the practice (Shetty,Priya 6). The commitment was renewed in 2008 and, in 2012, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution to enhance efforts towards the elimination of FGM (Shetty,Priya 6). Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Belgium have specific laws that ban FGM (utz-billing Kentenich 228). Africa, Egypt, Benin, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bisson, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and the Central African Republic are in the course of e liminating the practice of FGM with specific laws (utz-billing Kentenich 228). Canada, USA, New Zealand and Australia also have laws against FGM (utz-billing Kentenich 228). For instance, in Germany, FGM is regarded as a simple, dangerous, serious bodily injury, manslaughter, or maltreatment of wards; offenders who execute FGM can be sentenced to 15-year imprisonment (utz-billing Kentenich 228). Throughout history, the very first international seminar about FGM was held in 1979, â€Å"recommending the adoption of clear national policies, establishment of national commissions, intensification of general public awareness, and TBA education† (Wilson 27). After several decades of doing cross-agency evaluated studies, papers, and articles recommending methods to eliminate FGM, and holding many conferences, six key factors for waiving FGM have become well recognized by NGOs and government bodies as good practice. These six key elements are â€Å"a non-coercive, non-judgmental human rights approach†, â€Å"community awareness raising of the harmfulness of the practice†, â€Å"the decision to abandon needs to be collective†, â€Å"requirement of community public affirmation of abandonment†, â€Å" intercommunity diffusion of the decision†, and â€Å"a supportive, change-enabling environment† (Wilson 27). Based on the six key factors mentioned above, ascertaining the most effective and suitable strategies for eliminating FGM has become a controversial issue referring to moral, disease, and legal models (Wilson 27). Furthermore, according to Diop, in order to effectively end FGM, â€Å"human rights-based education programs should be continued, legislation against FGM should be enforced and funding both locally and nationally for initiatives to end FGM should be increased† (Priya Shetty 7). Adopting a commonly stands, some argue that practicing FGM should be condemned and punished by legislation; however, formal legislation is considered as a poor instrument in terms of cultural change (Wilson 27). Moreover, the legislative approach does not work effectively. The situation is that several sovereign states have legislation which outlaw the practice of FGM, either as a specific criminal act or as an act of bodily hard or injury, and many states have an extraterritoriality clause which makes it unlawful for their citizens to go abroad to let FGM practice (Brown, Katherine, David Beecham, and Hazel Barrett 3). UK’s Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) only applies to those who have permanent residency rights, so people having temporary residency visas, such as students, undocumented migrants and asylum seekers, and so forth, are uncommitted (Brown, Katherine, David Beecham, and Hazel Barrett 3). Therefore, as Diop said, legislation against FGM should be tougher and b e enforced so that FGM can be effectively solved. In other words, what governments should do is to implement appropriate legislation and policies to keep girls from being taken overseas and undergone the circumcision. Simple education campaigns that are designed to impart knowledge on the disadvantageous health outcomes of FGM can be problematic as well, although these education campaigns do a little work (Wilson 27). Women in some countries are not given the same educational opportunities as men. In other words, women have very little power; if they want to end the cycle of mutilation, they would be left behind and would be in trouble (Emily Deruy News). Since FGM is deeply rooted in the tradition and culture of a society, women fear that if they do not make their girls cut, these girls would not be good for marriage, which would make their lives be full of exclusion and poverty in many places (Emily Deruy News). Advocating education can be a possible solution for ending FGM. Education could lead women to the labor market, which would have an impact on weakening traditional family structures. School should be playing an important part in raising awareness of FGM. An education program adopted by every school can provide a breakthrough in cultural attitudes (Nursing Standard 35). School can also impart knowledge to girls from people from different cultures and from mentors who do not support FGM; in the meanwhile, girls may be less likely to continue the cycle of mutilation (Emily Deruy News). Not only women and girls should be educated, but also men and boys should be educated. Educating men and boys about the harm and risk of FGM is considerable. One report released by UNICEF presents data demonstrating that in many countries where FGM takes place â€Å"most women and men think the practice should end† (Priya Shetty 6). But the problem is that even though men want the FGM to end but th ey have to follow it because of social reasons (Emily Deruy News). On this point, the status of women should be increased via education so that women could have abilities to fight for themselves; however, increasing the status of women is also a complex and deep problem involving culture, societies, and tradition. Public declaration for ending FGM could be a possible solution. According to David Adam, â€Å"by spreading the message of abandonment along their social networks, neighboring communities are introduced to the idea of abandonment, often reducing or even removing resistance to the idea† (Priya Shetty 7). This solution works effectively. For example, the very first public declaration took place in Senegal in 1997, and since then the number of community abandoning FGM has grown exponentially (Orchid Project website). Moreover, communities in Guinea, Somalia and the Gambia have done public declarations of abandoning practice, which is good, and other communities are declaring as well (Orchid Project website). In addition, FGM messaging that encourages abandonment can be introduced in the social media, which could draw attention to people all over the world and let people start focusing on FGM (Orchid Project website). Also religious leaders, government officials, celebrities, and superstars can take good advantage of their influential voices in order to contribute to support FGM abandonment (Orchid Project website). Not only NGOs and governments want to abandon FGM, but also churches in Kenya are uniting in effort to end female genital mutilation. The Kenyan bishops and other faith groups are combined together to form a committee to help to end the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (National Catholic Reporter 6). Since â€Å"the church is interested in promoting values and cultures that will enhance human life†, what they have done is to sign the national plan for the clergy to outlaw the execution of FGM, and they consider FGM as a â€Å"retrogressive† practice which â€Å"degrades a woman’s life†(National Catholic Reporter 6). So the churches in Kenya think that FGM must be stopped. In short, compared to what NGOs and governments have done, churches do not have great influence on ending FGM, but churches play a helpful role in assisting to end FGM. Overall, those people and organizations that do not support FGM are always trying to find some ways to stop FGM; however, what they have done does not effectively play a part in ending practices in short term, but their efforts do work. Whereas, the progress in ending FGM is slow. On the basis of data from Priya Shetty, the rates of FGM in a few countries are decreasing. In Kenya, these rates in women aged 15- to 49- year-old fell from 38% in 1998 to 26% in 2008; in the Central African Republic, rates fell from 43% in 1994 to 24% in 2010 (Shetty,Priya 6). After several decades of effort by every single movement of abandoning Female Genital Mutilation, according to the UNFPA/UNICEF Joint Program, 10,000 communities have abandoned Female Genital Mutilation all over the world, which is a good sign (Orchid Project website). This phenomenon occurs in the countries, such as Senegal, Mauritania, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Nigeria (Orchid Project website). This data tells us that attitudes towards FGM have been changing in countries, even though it is not that obvious; however, this means even if the execution of FGM is still universal, there is a change in opinions taking place, which could help to pave the way for further action (Orchid Project website). In the light of Orchid Project website, some countries in West Africa made huge progress on FGM abandonment. For instance, over 5,500 villages have abandoned FGM in Senegal (Orchid Project website). It is still sad to know that more than 3 million female infants and children are at risk for undergoing FGM annually (Sipsma 120). The existence of FGM gives these innocent girls and women lifetime pain and injury. I think the existence of FGM is so ridiculous, and it is also ridiculous that women and men in some regions still subject to practice because of tradition, culture, and society, even though they all think FGM should end. Good thing is that some West Africa countries, like Senegal, stop executing FGM and attitudes towards practicing FGM is changing as well. According to this current trend, I could say confidently that ending FGM is a long-term program and is just around the corner, if every single person, NGO, and government continues to work on the projects of ending FGM whole-heartedly. Work Cited Brown, Katherine, David Beecham, and Hazel Barrett. The Applicability Of Behaviour Change In Intervention Programmes Targeted At Ending Female Genital Mutilation In The EU: Integrating Social Cognitive And Community Level Approaches. Obstetrics Gynecology International (2013): 1-12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. Churches Unite In Effort To End Female Genital Mutilation. National Catholic Reporter 39.26 (2003): 6. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. Emily Deruy, â€Å"How Realistic Are the New ‘Solutions’ to the Female Genital Mutilation Epidemic?† ABC News (2013). http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/realistic-solutions-female-genital-mutilation/story?id=19750777singlePage=true> Web. 11 Dec. 2014 â€Å"Orchid Project†, http://orchidproject.org/category/about-fgc/why-fgc-happens/> Shetty, Priya. Slow Progress In Ending Female Genital Mutilation. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization 92.1 (2014): 6-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. Sipsma, Heather L., et al. Female Genital Cutting: Current Practices And Beliefs In Western Africa. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization 90.2 (2012): 120-127F. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. Utz-Billing, I., and H. Kentenich. Female Genital Mutilation: An Injury, Physical And Mental Harm. Journal Of Psychosomatic Obstetrics Gynecology 29.4 (2008): 225-229. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. Wilson, Ann-Marie. How The Methods Used To Eliminate Foot Binding In China Can Be Employed To Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation. Journal Of Gender Studies 22.1 (2013): 17-37. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.

Abraham Lincoln :: essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln: a true American that made the United States a more unified nation, and a more peaceful place to be. Lincoln was a man of great wisdom and determination, and these traits are what made him into one of the greatest peacemakers of the time. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a reconstruction plan, helped in ending the horrible Civil War, and many other great things in which made him such a remembered peacemaker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln brought peace to the slaves of the South by issuing one of his most famous documents: the Emancipation Proclamation. This document helped save the slaves everywhere in the United States. This is one of many things that Lincoln did, and maybe one of the most important. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863. It said, “Slaves within any state, or designated part of a state…then…in rebellion, …shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.'; This proclamation was the main cause of creating the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This was important because now there was a bigger sense of peace between the slaves, and the people that once owned them. This proclamation plays a big part of the peace that we have among the different people of the world today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln also designed a plan known as the reconstruction. This construction plan would bring peace to the seceded states and Union, and would bring them back together in unity. This plan of reconstruction brought peace to the Confederacy and Union, because now the states that had once seceded from the Union now had a chance to get back in to be unified once again. Under this plan, Lincoln wanted to form 10 percent government. Under this plan, each individual state could form their own government. This brings peace to the individual state governments, because then these people got along better under their own laws, and didn’t have to worry about other people doing away with their setup. Reconstruction was a big part of unification for the United States, and formed a great deal of peace between the North and South.

Against Nuclear Tests :: essays research papers

On the morning of August 6, 1945, first ever nuclear armed force was carried out by the United States of America in Japan. Three days later, another one was dropped. Hiroshima and Nagasaki have suffered nuclear explosions, causing immediate deaths of around 100,000 to 200,000 people and even more over time which was and remains controversial. Nuclear warhead is a device which ejects radioactive isotopes (massive heat) with a diameter as large as a metropolis within fraction of a second killing everyone around it. Countries spend dollars on these nukes which in turn kills thousands of innocent people, the aftermath of its devastating force contaminate the environment, and may very well cause mutation on humans. These are the reasons why no country should practice any nuclear devices for any purpose. Country spends billions of dollars to develop nuclear tests which will benefit no one on this planet. Each country strives to be superior to others by developing stronger armed devices which other countries cannot counteract. This concludes that there are no other vital uses for these warheads other than war. The quantity of lives lost in wars cannot be compared to the elimination of nuclear bomb. There are people who are against wars and families who live peacefully still suffer. Also many children’s lives that have no conscious of what is happening are being destroyed. It’s not right for the innocent people to suffer for other’s wrong actions. It’s a matter of seconds that such device can destroy a city. The purpose this device holds for developed countries is to kill, but from the perspectives of third world countries, it’s all bad news for the nature of this planet. Plants cannot be sowed around the area of Hiroshima. It has been 60 years and the soil is still radioactive. After the bombing of Japan, residues of the bomb float around in the atmosphere and may very well blown to other country and affect other people. This device limits land usage and also clearing of trees and plants (deforestation). Habitats are destroyed as well as families and animals are lost. If several more bombs were dropped, the planet would become off balance. Then humans as well as animals cannot live on Earth. The death toll of nuclear bombing will always be uncertain. This is not an average explosion where victims can walk away with minor injuries. The explosion gives off Uranium or Plutonium rays which will penetrate through human skins and either destroys or does severe damage to the body’s DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).

The RSC Production of Beauty and the Beast

When watching the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† I noticed several aspects of the production that I found particularly impressive. One such aspect was the use of lighting and shadows on stage. Spotlights and floodlights were the main types of lighting used. In many of the scenes that did not take place in the Beast's house, a relatively bright yellowy-orange light filled the stage showing there was nothing particularly important or magical about these scenes/ As soon as the audience's attention was required to be focused on a particular character, lights would fade out and a spotlight placed on the character. One such example of this was when Mama dies and Beauty sang a solo part. In the Beast's house, lighting was taking to a much darker level, reflecting the magical and mysterious characteristics of the house. Once particular use of lighting in the house was very effective, the use of different coloured lights when Beauty and the Beast were eating supper. When the bowls were placed on the floor, trapped doors beneath them were opened so that floor lights could flood through the translucent bowls, giving the effect of different magical foods. One bowl lit up red, to which Beauty responded with â€Å"Oh! Strawberries!† then, as Beauty put the lid back down, the colour of the lighting changed to blue and then to green. At the same time, the stage was slowly filling with dry ice, which had lights from different places shining into it. This dry ice gave the magical side that the scene needed, and the colouring in it added even more mystery and magic. Another effective use of lighting was the mirror ball in the room/hall of mirrors. This reflected onto the audience and made them feel more involved in the scene. The music used in the production added a depth of atmosphere, causing slight unrest when in the Beast's home, and a sad, emotional ambience at the death of Beauty's mother. In the Beast's house, a man on the balcony sang notes rather that words, backed by eastern, slightly oriental instruments. These instruments had the ability to make a strange, but somehow welcoming atmosphere feel apparent in the Beast's house – something that was important in understanding both the setting and the character of the Beast. The music that played during the dance in which the mother played the horse was sharp and almost violent, mirroring the movements of the horse. At one point, the chorus used large wooden sticks to bang off the floor as a way of backing up the music and adding a stronger beat, possibly shadowing the horse's hooves as it ran. When Beauty's mother died, she sat on the floor and sang a classic French song that was repeated at certain points in the play. Another time repetition was used was when a woman on the balcony repeatedly sang the word â€Å"Beauty†¦ Beauty†¦ Beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when Beauty sat alone on the stage. Both of these examples of repetition create a slightly eerie, but at the same time calming atmosphere, which made me feel rather uneasy in the audience. The set, although rather simplistic, was highly effective, and very symbolic at times. It began with a taut cotton sheet with the front of a Parisian style house painted on. Two workbenches were at either side of the ‘door'. This sheet was pulled down, revealing the family standing on more benches, this time of different heights; the parents were in the middle, on the highest of the benches, the boys were standing on the right, slightly lower and the girls were on the left and were at the lowest level. When the family lost their wealth the benches were taken away and the backdrop pulled up, leaving an empty stage. A row of coat hangers came down from the ceiling and each family member hung up their expensive clothing. This showed it was the end of an era, and that they had to move on. The hangers going up, rather that just backwards or to the sides, showed that the life the family once had was now out of their reach and they had no way of getting back to it. This is an imaginat ive and cleaver way of showing the loss. A swing then came down and the family climbed onto. It swung back and forth and as a way of illustrating the family how the family had to move far away, to the downtrodden cottage in the countryside. Having the family on the swing gave time for us to see how each of the characters were reacting to the change, I think this helped the audience to understand the characters on a more personal level. When the family got off the swing, it was onto a silky brown sheet of material that was hooked onto the edges of the stage, around 0.75m off the ground at the back, but slowly sloping down to meet the floor at the front of the stage. This was used to symbolise the mud near to the cottage – a sign of how basic what they actually had was. The chorus had crawled underneath the fabric and when the family stood on the mud, they used their arms and heads to create shapes to show the mud and gloopiness. After a time, the family lay down in the ‘mud' and the chorus sat up, cradling the c ast in their arms as a way of showing acceptance from the family and the countryside that this is how things were going to be. When this was got rid of, a house folded up from the floor that used two panels from the floor as the roof and thing, what looked like wooden, panels for the walls. This use of thin materials for the house was a direct symbol of the family's situation and, although the house was very simple, it had a certain fairytale-cottage-like look about it. The Beast's palace was far more extravagant and impressive than the family's cottage. When the father first went into the house big bamboo sticks bowed down from the ceiling, with lights inside. This gave a striking, slightly imposing entrance to the palace and led to a circular doorway at the back of the stage that was blacked out, creating a sensation of mystery and curiosity. When Beauty went into the palace, and we saw her room, the swing that had carried to the family to the countryside had now turned into a four poster bed, with pink covers, which swung to help relax Beauty and make her feel more welcome. As it swung, the audience could see that Beauty was warming to the palace, which is something we had not seen before this scene. At one point in the play, when the Beast was feeling particularly low, he climbed a ladder on the back wall of the stage and crawled into a small compartment, only big enough for himself. The fact that he was completely alone in there shows that he w anted to be cut off from civilization, possibly because he did not feel worthy enough to be around humans in his beast-state, however the compartment was above everything so it was symbolic of how he was the supreme leader of his palace and had overall control. This helped to give us an insight into the character's feelings at the time, which aids our understanding. As if to show a passage of time, when Beauty returned home to the country cottage the house has gained another story and big fans decorated with painted roses were surrounding the house. The overall view of the house gave a sparkling, happy fairytale effect and showed that the family were now more comfortable in the house, that they had settled in and were gaining from the experience. The final aspect I have chosen to look at it the costume designs. At the very start, all the family members were in white, expensive looking outfits – obviously a sign of their status and showing that they are good people. When the family had to hang up their clothes, they stayed in the undergarments they had on for a while, until after they had arrived in the countryside when they put on plain overalls. These overalls may have been a sign that, although they were not best pleased with being stuck in the countryside, they were aware that they had no choice and were willing to work for their money. Beauty did not change her clothes, and for the entirety of the play, she wore a plain – but pretty – white dress. The witch, who was played by the same actress as who played Mama, wore an extravagant ball gown that was sparkly and dark, with a very large headdress that showed she was an important character in the story. The dress was very dark, as you would expect a witch's clothing to be, however when the light hit it just right it glittered a lot, which showed to be lighter, which is something that is perhaps portrayed in her character. The Beast was wearing brown rags that had hints of a goldy material in them. At times, when the light hit the fabric just right, a tiny patch shone gold and sparkly. This hidden colour shows the character of the Beast well ~ we know he doesn't like who he is, or what he is, but we cannot escape the fact that he is of authority and high status. He wore a claw on his one hand and make up that created the physical aspects of the character. When he became a man, the rags were removed and he wore simple leggings with a chiffon type robe that showed off his muscles and body shape, emphasising the fact that he was a proper man. When Beauty returned home late on in the play the family were dressed in bright clothing that looked far less grand – this showed that they had accepted their life and lost all sense of importance of appearance because they had found true happiness in the countryside. Many of the different examples above give us a better insight into a character, or a place – for example, the Beast showed us that he felt isolated and alone at one point in the play simply by climbing into a compartment only big enough for him. The aspects of the play I have talked about work together in the performance to create atmospheres and to explore characters' emotions. An example of atmosphere being created may be how costume and music were entwined to create the sombre moment in which Beauty, wearing her pure white dress and holding the doll that symbolised her for the beginning part of the play, sing almost as a tribute to her dead mother. We are meant to feel sympathy for Beauty, and we do because she looks so pure and innocent in her dress, however if she were in a black dress this feeling may not have been stirred as our basic minds associate white with good and black with bad. Lighting and costume also worked together well, such as in the witch's costume. The headdress was very elaborate and when the lights shone onto her, a huge shadow fell on a section of the stage. The imposing shadow, with the spikiness and movements made me feel quite unnerved and was an impressive way of showing that she has high importance and power. Every one of the aspects I have discussed came together in the Beast's house. The overall effect was only created well by using suitably magical lighting, the creepy voices and instruments, a good set or in some cases using the chorus line to create the feeling of magical furniture, and costumes that gave us an insight into the character, such as Beauty's dress or the Beast's costume, whilst also serving well in the purpose of making the play feel alive. This mix of all the different aspects came together to create an aura of a mystical and scary palace.

Eating Home or Eating Out Essay

To human, obliterateing now is non scarcely an action to survive. just now it has in like manner become wizard kind of culture. throng now are not only care of what or how they decimate. But where they eat is also important. Nowadays, mickle are similarly busy with school and work. So, most of the people think that it is more comfortable to take in out than ingest at property. But in my point of view, Id still prefer eating at home than eating out.First, your family know what you eat. I meant that if you prolong allergy with some amour or you great dealt eat specific liaison like spicy, your family know that and they send packing establish that out in your dish. But if youre in a eating house take down if you told the waiter to put out, most of them ordinarily dont listen to what you say. So when the dish come out and you female genital organt eat it, it will be a waste of money.Second, the food at home is much cheaper than the food at the restaurant. For examp le, if you eat a bowl of Pho at a restaurant, it will cost some 30000 dong at least. But if you spoil the ingredients and make it your own it will be way more cheaper about myriad dong.The reason of this is because the restaurant has to pay unornamented fees like the workers salary, restaurants renting, etc. And because they swallow to turn out down the fee to make more profit so the food cleverness no be as levelheaded as the food you make at home A survey in US show that a family offer save up to 2000 dollars a yr by reducing the times of eating at a restaurant. And helping your mama with the food is also fun thing to do.Third, that your family knows your taste. Somebody like to eat deep-fried egg with onion, some like to eat with tomatoes. Because were family so our taste great power be the same so your florists chrysanthemum can easy know your taste. Furthermore, the one who cook a lot or a honest cooker usually have a a secret readying technique of their own that you can find oneself no where else.Finally, eating at home can be a endangerment to enhance the family relationship. Life keeps getting busier so people dont have time to share their feeling to distributively other. A family meal is a good chance to express your feeling. Family member can talk about their own work. This could extirpation your stress down. My family always eating dinner party together, this make us feel warmer and happier.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 16

6Hari Seldon was combat tryout into melancholy. He was lectured in turn by Dors, by Raych, by Yugo, and by Manella. All join to tell him that sixty was non anile.They s spotlight did non understand. He had been thirty when the first hint of psychohistory had abide by to him, thirty-two when he delivered his famous lecture at the Decennial Convention, following which e re solelyy thing incurmed to happen to him at erst. After his ske permiton interview with Cleon, He had fled across Trantor and met Demerzel, Dors, Yugo, and Raych, to evidence goose egg of the stack of Mycogen, of Dahl, and of Wye.He was forty when he became prototypical Minister and fifty when he had relinquished the post. today he was sixty.He had spent thirty long cartridge clip on psychohistory. How m each much days would he require? How m all more years would he live? Would he die with the Psychohistory Project unfattened afterward alto assumeher?It was non the anxious(p) that fazed him, he told himself. It was the matter of leaving the Psychohistory Project unfinished.He went to see Yugo Amaryl. In recent years they had slightly focusing drifted a break in, as the Psychohistory Project had steadily increased in size. In the first years at Streeling, it had al unmatched been Seldon and Amaryl give waying together-no integrity else. Now ** Amaryl was nearly fifty- non precisely a young man-and he had both(prenominal)how lost his spark. In completely these years, he had developed no interest in boththing solely psychohistory no woman, no companion, no hobby, no subsidiary activity.Amaryl blinked at Seldon who couldnt suspensor replete(p)ly note the changes in the mans beance. Part of it whitethorn soak up been because Yugo had had to hasten his nerve centers reconstructed. He hypothesiseing perfectly well, provided thither was an unnatural looking whatsoeverwhat them and he tended to blink slowly. It made him appear sleepy.What do you debate, Yugo? say Seldon. Is in that pry any lax at the end of the tunnel?Light? Yes, as a matter of fact, tell Amaryl. in that locations this in the buff fellow, Tamwile Elar. You have a go at it him, of descriptor.Oh yes. Im the unrivalled who hired him. Very vigorous and aggressive. Hows he doing?I lott say Im really comfortable with him, Hari. His tatty laughter gets on my nerves. solely hes brilliant. The new organisation of equations fits right into the extremum Radiant and they seem to rack up it possible to get around the problem of chaos. be? Or impart?Too early to say, moreover Im actually hopeful. I have tried a name of things that would have broken them d give birth if they were rubbishy and the new equations survived them all. Im beginning to specify of them as the achaotic equationsI dont imagine, said Seldon we have anything like a blind drunk demonstration concerning these equations?No, we dont, though Ive put half a dozen people on it, including Elar, of course. Amaryl dour on his Prime Radiant-which was e real bit as ripe(p) as Seldons was-and he watched as the curving lines of bright equations curled in midair- in any case small, overly fine to be read with protrude amplification. Add the new equations and we may be able to begin to predict.Each time I study the Prime Radiant now, said Seldon perspectivefully, I wonder at the Electro-Clarifier and how tightly it squeezes material into the lines and curves of the future. Wasnt that Elars idea, in like manner?Yes. With the c atomic number 18 of Cinda Monay, who designed it.Its good to have new and brilliant manpower and women in the Project. Somehow it reconciles me to the future.You think individual like Elar may be impetus the Project someday? asked Amaryl, mollify studying the Prime Radiant.Maybe. After you and I have retired-or died.Amaryl seemed to relax and sullen off the device. I would like to complete the chore in front we retire or die.So would I, Yugo. S o would I.Psychohistory has guided us pretty well in the last ten years.That was true enough, unless Seldon knew that single couldnt attach too more triumph to that. Things had foregone smoothly and with out(a) major surprises.Psychohistory had predicted that the center would hold after Cleons death-predicted it in a very dim and timid guidance-and it did hold. Trantor was reasonably quiet. Even with an assassination and the end of a dynasty, the center had held.It did so under the stress of host rule-Dors was quite right in speaking of the military junta as those military rascals. She energy have level off gone uttermostther in her accusations without being wrong. Nevertheless, they were obligeing the Empire together and would continue to do so for a time. Long enough, mayhap, to allow psychohistory to play an diligent role in the stock-stillts that were to transpire.Lately Yugo had been speaking or so the possible establishment of Foundations-separate, isolated, independent of the Empire itself oerhaul as seeds for developments by dint of the extroverted dark ages and into a new and better Empire. Seldon himself had been working on the consequences of such(prenominal) an arrangement. only if he loseed the time and, he matte (with a certain misery), he needinessed the youth as well. His mind, however firm and steady, did not have the resilience and creativity that it had had when he was thirty and with each passport year, he knew he would have less.Perhaps he ought to put the young and brilliant Elar on the task, fetching him off everything else. Seldon had to admit to himself, shamefacedly, that the possibility did not raise up him. He did not requisite to have invented psychohistory so that some stripling could enter in and take up the final fruits of fame. In fact, to put it at its nearly disgraceful, Seldon felt jealous of Elar and realized it just sufficiently to feel ashamed of the emotion.Yet, regardless of his less lu cid lookings, he would have to depend on other(a) younger men-whatever his discomfort over it. Psychohistory was no protracted the snobby preserve of himself and Amaryl. The decade of his being outset Minister had reborn it into a large government-sanctioned and -budgeted project and, quite to his surprise, after resigning from his post as outset Minister and returning to Streeling University, it had grown still larger. Hari grimaced at its ponderous-and pompous-official name the Seldon Psychohistory Project at Streeling University. But nearly people simply referred to it as the Project.The military junta app atomic number 18ntly saw the Project as a possible political weapon and while that was so, livelihood was no problem. Credits poured in. In return, it was necessary to devise annual reveals, which, however, were quite opaque. Only fringe matters were report on and even then the mathematics was not likely to be within the purview of any of the members of the junta.It was absorb as he left his old assistant that Amaryl, at least, was more than satisfied with the way psychohistory was difference and yet Seldon felt the blanket of impression place over him once more.He distinguishable it was the forthcoming birthday celebration that was bothering him. It was besottedt as a celebration of joy, but to Hari it was not even a gesture of consolation-it merely emphasized his age.Besides, it was upsetting his play and Hari was a creature of habit. His office and a number of those adjoining had been cleared out and it had been days since he had been able to work normally. His proper offices would be converted into halls of glory, he imagined, and it would be many days before he could get backrest to work. Only Amaryl dead driveld to budge and was able to maintain his office.Seldon had wondered, peevishly, who had thought of doing all this. It wasnt Dors, of course. She knew him entirely too well. Not Amaryl or Raych, who neer even remembered t heir own birthdays. He had suspected Manella and had even confronted her on the matter.She admitted that she was all for it and had given orders for the arrangements to take redact, but she said that the idea for the birthday party had been suggested to her by Tamwile Elar.The brilliant one, thought Seldon. Brilliant in everything.He sighed. If only the birthday were all over.Dors poked her head through the door. Am I allowed to come in?No, of course not. wherefore should you think I would?This is not your accustomed line.I make out, sighed Seldon. I have been evicted from my usual place because of the stupid birthday party. How I wish it were over. at that place you are. Once that woman gets an idea in her head, it takes over and grows like the big bang.Seldon changed sides at once. Come. She represents well, Dors. keep on me from the well-meaning, said Dors. In any case, Im here to dispute something else. Something which may be important.Go ahead. What is it?Ive been talkin g to Wanda approximately her conceive of- She hesitated.Seldon made a gargling sound in the back of his throat, then said, I firet believe it. Just let it go.No. Did you bother to ask her for the lucubrate of the imagineing?Why should I put the little young lady through that?Neither did Raych, nor Manella. It was left up to me.But wherefore should you torture her with questions intimately it?Because I had the feeling I should, said Dors grimly. In the first place, she didnt have the dream when she was home in her bed.Where was she, then?In your office.What was she doing in my office?She wanted to see the place where the party would be and she walked into your office and, of course, there was nothing to see, as its been cleared out in preparation. But your chair was still there. The large one- statuesque back, tall wings, broken-down-the one you wont let me replace.Hari sighed, as if re foretelling a longstanding disagreement. Its not broken-down. I dont want a new one. Go on.She curled up in your chair and began to tower over the fact that maybe you werent really going to have a party and she felt bad. Then, she tells me, she moldiness(prenominal) have locomote asleep because nothing is clear in her mind, except that in her dream there were two men-not women, she was sure about that-two men, talking.And what were they talking about?She doesnt experience exactly. You inhabit how difficult it is to remember details under such circumstances. But she says it was about dying and she thought it was you because you were so old. And she remembers two paroles clearly. They were lemonade death.What?Lemonade death.What does that mean?I dont know. In any case, the talking ceased, the men left, and there she was in the chair, cold and frightened-and shes been upset about it ever since.Seldon mulled over Dorss report. Then he said, Look, dear, what splendor fundament we attach to a childs dream?We bay window ask ourselves first, Hari, if it even was a dre am.What do you mean?Wanda doesnt say outright it was. She says she must have fallen asleep. Those are her countersignatures. She didnt say she fell asleep, she said she must have fallen asleep.What do you deduce from that?She may have drifted off into a half-doze and, in that state, hear two men-two real men, not two dream men-talking.Real men? Talking about cleanup position me with lemonade death?Something like that, yes.Dors, said Seldon wringfully, I know that youre forever foreseeing danger for me, but this is going too far. Why should anyone want to refine me?Its been tried doubly before.So it has, but consider the circumstances. The first essay came shortly after Cleon appointed me start-off Minister. course this was an offense to the well-established court hierarchy and I was very resented. A few thought they might settle matters by getting rid of me. The second time was when the Joranumites were trying to seize power and they thought I was standing in their way-plus N amartis distorted dream of revenge. as luck would have it neither assassination attempt succeeded, but why should there now be a tercet? I am no longer First Minister and havent been for ten years. I am an develop mathematician in retirement and surely no one has anything to fear from me. The Joranumites have been rooted out and destroyed and Namarti was executed long ago. There is absolutely no motivation for anyone to want to kill me.So please, Dors, relax. When youre scatterbrained about me, you get unsettled, which makes you more nervous still, and I dont want that to happen.Dors rose from her seat and leaned across Haris desk. Its thriving for you to say that there is no motive to kill you, but none is needed. Our government is now a completely irresponsible one and if they wish-Stop commanded Seldon loudly. Then, very quietly, Not a word, Dors. Not a word against the government. That could get us in the very hassle youre foreseeing.Im only talking to you, Hari. Right now you are, but if you get into the habit of saying foolish things, you dont know when something will slip out in someone elses presence-someone who will then be glad to report you. Just learn, as a matter of necessity, to cease from political commentary.Ill try, Hari, said Dors, but she could not keep the indignation out of her vowel system. She turned on her slant and left.Seldon watched her go. Dors had aged gracefully, so gracefully that at generation she seemed not to have aged at all. though she was two years younger than Seldon, her appearance had not changed nearly as much as his had in the twenty-eight years they had been together. Naturally.Her hair was frosted with gray, but the youthful luster beneath the gray still shone through. Her complexion had grown more sallow her voice was a bit huskier, and, of course, she wore clothes that were suitable for mediate age. However, her movements were as agile and as quick as ever. It was as if nothing could be allowed to interf ere with her king to protect Hari in case of an emergency.Hari sighed. This business of being protected-more or less against his will, at all times-was sometimes a heavy burden.8Manella came to see Seldon more or less immediately afterward.Pardon me, Hari, but what has Dors been saying?Seldon looked up again. Nothing but interruptions.It wasnt anything important. Wandas dream.Manellas lips pursed. I knew it. Wanda said Dors was intercommunicate her questions about it. Why doesnt she leave the girl merely? You would think that having a bad dream was some enlighten of felony.As a matter of fact, said Seldon soothingly, its just a matter of something Wanda remembered as part of the dream. I dont know if Wanda told you, but apparently in her dream she comprehend something about lemonade death. Hmm Manella was silent for a moment. Then she said, That doesnt really matter so much. Wanda is risky about lemonade and shes expecting lots of it at the party. I promised shed have some wi th Mycogenian drops in it and shes looking forward to it.So that if she heard something that sounded anything like lemonade, it would be translated into lemonade in her mind.Yes. Why not?Except that, in that case, what do you suppose it was that was actually said? She must have heard something in order to misinterpret it.I dont think thats necessarily so. But why are we attaching so much importance to a little girls dream? disport, I dont want anyone talking to her about it anymore. Its too upsetting.I agree. Ill see to it that Dors drops the subject-at least with Wanda.All right. I dont care if she is Wandas grandmother, Hari. Im her mother, after all, and my wishes come first.Absolutely, said Seldon soothingly and looked after Manella as she left. That was another burden-the unending challenger between those two women.9Tamwile Elar was thirty-six years old and had united Seldons Psychohistory Project as major(postnominal) Mathematician four years earlier. He was a tall man, wi th a habitual twinkle in his eye and with more than a touch of self-assurance as well.His hair was brown and had a loose motion in it, the more noticeable because he wore it sort of long. He had an abrupt way of laughing, but there was no fault to be gear up with his numerical capability.Elar had been recruited from the West Mandanov University and Seldon always had to smile when he remembered how curious Yugo Amaryl had been of him at first. But then, Amaryl was suspicious of everyone. Deep in his heart (Seldon felt sure), Amaryl felt that psychohistory ought to have remained his and Haris private province.But even Amaryl was now willing to admit that Elars membership in the group had eased his own situation tremendously. Yugo said, His techniques for avoiding chaos are unique and fascinating. No one else in the Project could have worked it out the way he did. Certainly nothing of this sort ever occurred to me. It didnt occur to you, either, Hari.Well, said Seldon grumpily, Im getting old.If only, said Amaryl, he didnt laugh so loud.People cant help the way they laugh.Yet the truth was that Seldon found himself having a little trouble accepting Elar. It was sort of embarrassing that he himself had come nowhere near the achaotic equations, as they were now called. It didnt bother Seldon that he had neer thought of the principle behind the Electro-Clarifier-that was not really his field. The achaotic equations, however, he should, indeed, have thought of-or at least gotten shut to.He tried reasoning with himself. Seldon had worked out the entire basis for psychohistory and the achaotic equations grew naturally out of that basis. Could Elar have make Seldons work three decades earlier? Seldon was convinced that Elar couldnt have. And was it so remarkable that Elar had thought up the principle of achaotism once the basis was in place?All this was very sensible and very true, yet Seldon still found himself uneasy when facing Elar. Just slightly edgy. da unt age facing flamboyant youth.Yet Elar never gave him obvious cause for feeling the difference in years. He never failed to show Seldon full respect or in any way to imply that the older man had passed his prime.Of course, Elar was interested in the forthcoming festivities and had even, as Seldon had discovered, been the first to suggest that Seldons birthday be celebrated. (Was this a nasty emphasis on Seldons age? Seldon dismissed the possibility. If he believed that, it would mean he was filling up some of Dorss tricks of suspicion.Elar strode toward him and said, Maestro- And Seldon winced, as always. He much preferred to have the senior members of the Project call him Hari, but it seemed such a small point to make a fuss over.Maestro, said Elar. The word is out that youve been called in for a host with universal Tennar.Yes. Hes the new head of the military junta and I suppose he wants to see me to ask what psychohistory is all about. Theyve been a flakeg me that since the days of Cleon and Demerzel. (The new head The junta was like a kaleidoscope, with some of its members periodically move from grace and others rising from nowhere.)But its my understanding he wants it now-right in the middle of the birthday celebration.That doesnt matter. You can all celebrate without me.No, we cant, Maestro. I hope you dont mind, but some of us got together and put in a call to the Palace and put the appointment off for a week.What? said Seldon annoyed. Surely that was presumptuous of you-and risky, besides.It worked out well. Theyve put it off and youll need that time.Why would I need a week?Elar hesitated. May I speak postmarkly, Maestro?Of course you can. When have I ever asked that anyone speak to me m any way but frankly?Elar flushed slightly, his fair skin reddening, but his voice remained steady. Its not easy to say this, Maestro. Youre a genius at mathematics. No one on the Project has any doubt of that. No one in the Empire-they knew you and understood ma thematics-would have any doubt about it. However, it is not given to anybody to be a universal genius.I know that as well as you do, Elar.I know you do. Specifically, though, you lack the ability to handle ordinary people-shall we say, stupid people. You lack a certain deviousness, a certain ability to sidestep, and if you are dealing with someone who is both healthy in government and somewhat stupid, you can tardily endanger the Project and, for that matter, your own life, simply because you are too frank.What is this? Am I suddenly a child? Ive been dealing with politicians for a long time. I was First Minister for ten years, as perhaps you may remember.Forgive me, Maestro, but you were not an extraordinarily effective one. You dealt with First Minister Demerzel, who was very intelligent, by all accounts, and with the Emperor Cleon, who was very friendly. Now you will encounter military people who are neither intelligent nor friendly-another matter entirely.Ive even dealt with m ilitary people and survived.Not with General Dugal Tennar. Hes another sort of thing altogether. I know him.You know him? You have met him?I dont know him personally, but hes from Mandanov, which, as you know, is my sector, and he was a power there before he joined the junta and rose through its ranks.And what do you know about him?Ignorant, superstitious, violent. He is not someone you can handle easily-or safely. You can use the week to work out methods for dealing with him.Seldon bit his lower lip. There was something to what Elar said and Seldon recognized the fact that, while he had plans of his own, it would still be difficult to try to put off a stupid, self-important, short-tempered person with overwhelming force at his disposal.He said uneasily, Ill manage somehow. The satisfying matter of a military junta is, in any case, an unstable situation in the Trantor of today. It has already lasted longer than might have seemed likely.Have we been exam that? I was not aware that we were making stability decisions on the junta.Just a few calculations by Amaryl, making use of your achaotic equations. He paused. By the way, Ive come across some references to them as the Elar Equations.Not by me, Maestro.I hope you dont mind, but I dont want that. Psychohistoric elements are to be described functionally and not personally. As soon as personalities intervene, bad feelings arise.I understand and quite agree, Maestro.In fact, said Seldon with a touch of guilt, I have always felt it wrong that we speak of the basic Seldon Equations of Psychohistory. The trouble is thats been in use for so many years, its not realistic to try to change it.If youll excuse my saying so, Maestro, youre an prodigious case. No one, I think, would quarrel with your receiving full reference point for inventing the science of psychohistory. But, if I may, I wish to get back to your meeting with General Tennar.Well, what else is there to say?I cant help but wonder if it might be better if you did not see him, did not speak to him, did not deal with him.How am I to avoid that if he calls me in for a conference?Perhaps you can plead illness and hop out someone in your place.Whom?Elar was silent for a moment, but his silence was eloquent.Seldon said, You, I take it.Might that not be the thing to do? I am a fellow sectoral citizen of the General, which may carry some weight. You are a busy man, getting on in years, and it would be easy to believe that you are not entirely well. And if I see him, sooner than yourself-please excuse me, Maestro-I can wiggle and maneuver more easily than you can.Lie, you mean.If necessary.Youll be taking a big chance.Not too huge. I doubt that he will order my execution. If he becomes annoyed with me, as he well might, then I can plead-or you can plead on my behalf-youth and inexperience. In any case, if I get into trouble, that will be far less dangerous than if you were to do so. Im thinking of the Project, which can do without me a g reat deal more easily than it can without you.Seldon said with a frown, Im not going to hide behind you, Elar. If the man wants to see me, he will see me. I refuse to shiver and shake and ask you to take chances for me. What do you think I am?A frank and honest man-when the need is for a devious one.I will manage to be devious-if I must. Please dont underestimate me, Elar.Elar shrugged hopelessly. Very well. I can only argue with you up to a certain point.In fact, Elar, I wish you had not postponed the meeting. I would rather skip my birthday and see the General than the reverse. This birthday celebration was not my idea. His voice died away in a grumble.Elar said, Im sorry.Well, said Seldon with resignation, well see what happens.He turned and left. Sometimes he wished ardently that he could run what was called a tight ship, making sure that everything went as he wished it to, leaving little or no room for maneuvering among his subordinates. To do that, however, would take long ti me, enormous effort, would deprive him of any chance of working on psychohistory himself-and, besides, he simply lacked the temperament for it.He sighed. He would have to speak to Amaryl.